CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-bg
Module name: www-bg
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/01/28 11:42:38
Added files:
philosophy : why-free.bg.html why-free.html
Log message:
ÐÑÑзнаÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð½ÑÑа ÑÑÑаÑна,
Ñе Ñ
оÑаÑа живеÑÑ Ð²Ñв покоÑÑÑво.
Ðа бÑÑ
а Ñели ÑÑй еÑе пÑекÑаÑно,
за каÑзаÑа Ñе ÑÑÑ
а да ÑпоÑÑÑваÑ.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/why-free.bg.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/why-free.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: why-free.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: why-free.bg.html
diff -N why-free.bg.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ why-free.bg.html 28 Jan 2007 11:42:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="bg">
+
+<head>
+<title>ÐаÑо ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÑбва да има
ÑобÑÑвениÑи - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]" />
+<link rev="translated" href="mailto:[email protected]" />
+</head>
+
+<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
+<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
+<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
+<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
+<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a href="#translations">ÐÑÑги пÑеводи</a> на Ñази
ÑÑÑаниÑа</p>
+
+<h3>ÐаÑо ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÑбва да има
ÑобÑÑвениÑи</h3>
+
+<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
+ alt=" [изобÑажение на ÑилоÑоÑÑки
наÑÑÑоено ÐнÑ] "
+ width="160" height="200" /></a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЦиÑÑовиÑе инÑоÑмаÑионни ÑеÑ
нологии
допÑинаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑвеÑа, каÑо пÑавÑÑ
+по-леÑно копиÑанеÑо и пÑомÑнаÑа на
инÑоÑмаÑиÑ. ÐомпÑÑÑиÑе пÑедÑиÑаÑ
+да напÑавÑÑ Ñова по-леÑно за вÑиÑки наÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðе вÑеки иÑка да е по-леÑно. СиÑÑемаÑа на
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво дава на
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе пÑогÑами âÑобÑÑвениÑиâ,
повеÑеÑо Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо ÑелÑÑ Ð´Ð° вÑзпÑаÑ
+поÑенÑиалнаÑа полза на ÑоÑÑÑеÑа оÑ
оÑÑаналаÑа ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвоÑо. Те
+иÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñа единÑÑвениÑе, коиÑо да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
копиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ пÑоменÑÑ
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, койÑо ползваме.</p>
+
+<p>
+СиÑÑемаÑа на авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво Ñе е
заÑодила Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаÑÑÑвоÑо â
+ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° маÑово пÑоизводÑÑво на
копиÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво е
+паÑвало добÑе на Ñази ÑеÑ
нологиÑ, заÑоÑо е
огÑаниÑавало Ñамо маÑовиÑе
+пÑоизводиÑели на копиÑ. То не е оÑнемало
ÑвободаÑа Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑаÑелиÑе на
+книги. Ðбикновен ÑиÑаÑел, койÑо не е
пÑиÑежавал пеÑаÑаÑÑка пÑеÑа, би
+могÑл да копиÑа книги Ñамо Ñ Ñ
имикалка и
маÑÑило, и нÑкои ÑиÑаÑели Ñа
+били ÑÑдени за Ñова.</p>
+
+<p>
+ЦиÑÑоваÑа ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ðµ по-гÑвкава оÑ
пеÑаÑаÑÑкаÑа пÑеÑа: когаÑо
+инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа е в ÑиÑÑова ÑоÑма, може леÑно
да Ñе напÑави копие и да Ñе
+Ñподели Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналиÑе. Тази Ñ Ð³ÑвкавоÑÑ Ñ
пÑави неÑÑвмеÑÑима ÑÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑема каÑо авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво. Това е и
пÑиÑинаÑа за непÑекÑÑнаÑо
+наÑаÑÑваÑиÑе оÑвÑаÑиÑелни и дÑаконови
меÑки, коиÑо Ñе Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² наÑи
+дни за наÑилÑÑвено пÑилагане на
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑа.
+ÐомиÑлеÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñези пÑакÑики на
ÐÑоÑиаÑиÑÑа на издаÑелиÑе на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
+(Software Publishers Association â SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐаÑова пÑопаганда, Ñе е гÑеÑно да не
Ñе подÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе, за да Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° пÑиÑÑелÑ
Ñи.</li>
+
+ <li>ТÑÑÑене и наÑÑÑÑаване на доноÑниÑи,
коиÑо да Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°
+колегиÑе Ñи.</li>
+
+ <li>Хайки (Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÑепаÑа на полиÑиÑÑа) на
оÑиÑи и ÑÑилиÑа, пÑи
+коиÑо Ñе казва на Ñ
оÑаÑа, Ñе ÑÑÑбва да
Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑа Ñи за
+незаконно копиÑане.</li>
+
+ <li>СÑдебно пÑеÑледване (оÑ
пÑавиÑелÑÑвоÑо на СÐЩ, по
+ наÑÑоÑване на ÐÐС) на Ñ
оÑа каÑо Ðейвид
ÐаÐÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÐÐТ, не за копиÑане
+ на ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (Ñой не е обвинÑван за копиÑане
изобÑо), а Ñамо за
+ оÑÑавÑнеÑо на ÑÑедÑÑва за копиÑане без
Ð¿Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð¸ пÑовал пÑи ÑпÑажнÑване
+ на ÑензÑÑа пÑи използванеÑо им.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑиÑкиÑе ÑеÑиÑи пÑакÑики напомнÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð¸,
използвани в бивÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡ÑвеÑÑки
+ÑÑÑз, когаÑо вÑÑка копиÑна маÑина е имала
пазаÑ, койÑо да
+пÑедоÑвÑаÑÑва забÑанено копиÑане, и
Ñ
оÑаÑа е ÑÑÑбвало да копиÑаÑ
+инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа Ñайно и да Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑка
на ÑÑка каÑо âÑамиздаÑâ.
+РазбиÑа Ñе, има и Ñазлика: моÑивÑÑ Ð·Ð°
конÑÑол вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа в
+СÑвеÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÑз е бил полиÑиÑеÑки; в СÐЩ
моÑивÑÑ Ðµ пеÑалбаÑа. Ðо наÑ
+ни заÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÑко дейÑÑвиÑÑа, не моÑивиÑе.
ÐÑеки Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° блокиÑане на
+ÑподелÑнеÑо на инÑоÑмаÑиÑ, незавиÑимо
заÑо, води до ÑÑÑиÑе меÑоди и
+ÑÑÑаÑа жеÑÑокоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+СобÑÑвениÑиÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ñколко вида
аÑгÑменÑи, за да ни ÑбедÑÑ Ð´Ð° им
+пÑедоÑÑавим влаÑÑÑа да конÑÑолиÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
използваме инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ðбидни дÑми.
+
+<p>
+СобÑÑвениÑиÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ»ÐµÐ²ÐµÑÑваÑи
дÑми каÑо âпиÑаÑÑÑвоâ и âкÑажбаâ,
+какÑо и екÑпеÑÑна ÑеÑÐ¼Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо
âинÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ и
+âÑеÑиâ, за да Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделен наÑин на
миÑлене Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвоÑо â
+опÑоÑÑена Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамиÑе и
ÑизиÑеÑкиÑе обекÑи.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑиÑе миÑли и инÑÑиÑии оÑноÑно
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑÑа вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалниÑе
+обекÑи Ñа за Ñова дали е пÑавилно да
<em>оÑÐ½ÐµÐ¼ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐºÑ</em> Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ñкой
+дÑÑг. Те не Ñе оÑнаÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑно до
<em>пÑавенеÑо на копие</em> на
+неÑо. Ðо вÑпÑеки Ñова, ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе иÑкаÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ги пÑилагаме и в
+Ñози ÑлÑÑай.</p></li>
+
+<li>ÐÑеÑвелиÑаване.
+
+<p>
+СобÑÑвениÑиÑе казваÑ, Ñе Ñе понаÑÑÑ
âвÑедиâ или âикономиÑеÑки загÑбиâ,
+когаÑо поÑÑебиÑелиÑе копиÑÐ°Ñ Ñами
пÑогÑами. Ðо копиÑанеÑо нÑма
+диÑекÑен еÑÐµÐºÑ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑобÑÑвеника и не
вÑеди никомÑ. СобÑÑвеникÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ
+да загÑби Ñамо ако Ñовека, койÑо е напÑавил
копиеÑо, би плаÑил за
+Ñакова на ÑобÑÑвеника.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðалко замиÑлÑне вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð²ÑпÑоÑа ни показва,
Ñе повеÑеÑо Ð¾Ñ Ñези Ñ
оÑа не
+биÑ
а Ñи кÑпили копиÑ. РвÑе пак
ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе изÑиÑлÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑе
+âзагÑбиâ вÑе едно вÑеки би Ñи кÑпил копие.
Това е пÑеÑвелиÑение â
+меко казано.</p></li>
+
+<li>ÐаконÑÑ.
+
+<p>
+СобÑÑвениÑиÑе ÑеÑÑо Ñе Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑекÑÑиÑе закони и на жеÑÑокиÑе
+глоби, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо ни заплаÑваÑ. ÐÑи Ñози
подÑ
од не Ñе подлага на
+ÑÑмнение, Ñе днеÑниÑе закони ÑеÑлекÑиÑаÑ
моÑала по безÑпоÑен наÑин â
+но ÑÑÑевÑеменно, Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñе иÑка да Ñе
оÑнаÑÑме кÑм Ñези глоби каÑо
+еÑÑеÑÑвени ÑакÑи, за налиÑиеÑо на коиÑо
никой не може да бÑде
+обвинен.</p>
+
+<p>
+Този вид Ñбеждаване не е измиÑлен, за да
бÑде обоÑван ÑÑез кÑиÑиÑно
+миÑлене; ÑелÑа е да Ñе наложи ÑÑ
ваÑанеÑо,
Ñе Ñме пÑеÑÑÑпниÑи.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐлеменÑаÑно е, Ñе закониÑе не ÑеÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ðµ е
пÑавилно и кое е
+погÑеÑно. ÐÑеки амеÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¸ ÑÑÑбвало да
знае, Ñе пÑеди ÑеÑиÑидеÑеÑ
+години беÑе пÑоÑивозаконно в много ÑаÑи
ÑеÑнокож да Ñеди оÑпÑед в
+авÑобÑÑ; но Ñамо ÑаÑиÑÑиÑе биÑ
а казали, Ñе
да Ñе Ñеди Ñам е
+погÑеÑно.</p></li>
+
+<li>ÐÑÑеÑÑвени пÑава.
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑиÑе ÑеÑÑо изÑÑкваÑ, Ñе Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑпеÑиална
вÑÑзка Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамиÑе, коиÑо
+Ñа напиÑали, и в ÑезÑлÑÐ°Ñ ÑвеÑÑваÑ, Ñе
ÑеÑ
ниÑе Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ инÑеÑеÑи
+оÑноÑно пÑогÑамаÑа пÑоÑÑо пÑевÑзÑ
ождаÑ
Ñези на койÑо и да е â или доÑи
+Ñези на ÑÑлаÑа оÑÑанала ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑвеÑа.
(Ðбикновено компании, а не
+авÑоÑи, дÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава вÑÑÑ
Ñ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, но Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñе оÑаква да
+пÑенебÑегнем Ñова неÑÑоÑвеÑÑÑвие.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа Ñези, коиÑо пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ñова каÑо еÑиÑна
акÑиома â авÑоÑÑÑ Ðµ
+по-важен Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ â мога да кажа Ñамо, Ñе аз,
изÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, го наÑиÑам глÑпоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо обÑо взеÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа биÑ
а изпиÑали
ÑимпаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÑм аÑгÑменÑиÑе за
+еÑÑеÑÑвениÑе пÑава поÑади две пÑиÑини.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðдна пÑиÑина е непÑекÑÑнаÑо наÑÑкванаÑа
Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалниÑе
+обекÑи. ÐогаÑо аз Ñи ÑгоÑÐ²Ñ ÑпагеÑи,
вÑзÑазÑвам, ако нÑкой дÑÑг ги
+изÑде, понеже по Ñози наÑин аз не мога да ги
изÑм. ÐеговоÑо дейÑÑвие
+ми вÑеди ÑоÑно Ñолкова, колкоÑо го
облагодеÑелÑÑва; Ñамо един Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+би могÑл да изÑде ÑпагеÑиÑе, Ñака Ñе
вÑпÑоÑÑÑ Ðµ, кой? Ðай-малкаÑа
+Ñазлика Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ðµ доÑÑаÑÑÑна, за да
наклони везниÑе на еÑиÑниÑ
+баланÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо когаÑо вие изпÑлнÑваÑе или пÑоменÑÑе
пÑогÑама, коÑÑо аз ÑÑм
+напиÑал, Ñова ви заÑÑга диÑекÑно, а мен
Ñамо коÑвено. Ðали Ñе дадеÑе
+копие на пÑиÑÑел заÑÑга Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ пÑиÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð¸
много повеÑе, оÑколкоÑо
+мен. Ðе би ÑÑÑбвало да имам пÑавоÑо да ви
казвам да не пÑавиÑе Ñези
+неÑа. Ðикой не ÑÑÑбва да има Ñова пÑаво.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑоÑаÑа пÑиÑина е, Ñе Ñе казва на Ñ
оÑаÑа, Ñе
еÑÑеÑÑвениÑе пÑава на
+авÑоÑиÑе Ñа вÑзпÑиеÑа ÑÑадиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² наÑеÑо
обÑеÑÑво, коÑÑо не може да Ñе
+подлага на ÑÑмнение.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑеÑка гледна ÑоÑка, ÑоÑно
обÑаÑноÑо е вÑÑно. ÐдеÑÑа за
+еÑÑеÑÑвени пÑава на авÑоÑиÑе е била
пÑедложена и ÑеÑиÑелно оÑÑ
вÑÑлена,
+когаÑо е била изгоÑвÑна ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа на
СÐЩ. ТоÑно заÑова
+ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа Ñамо <em>позволÑва</em> ÑиÑÑема
на авÑоÑÑко пÑаво и
+не <em>изиÑква</em> Ñакава; заÑова Ñе казва, Ñе
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво
+ÑÑÑбва да е вÑеменно. Ð Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑÑо Ñе ÑвÑÑди,
Ñе ÑелÑа на авÑоÑÑкоÑо
+пÑаво е да наÑÑÑÑава пÑогÑеÑа â не да
вÑзнагÑаждава авÑоÑиÑе.
+ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво вÑзнагÑаждава авÑоÑиÑе
по извеÑÑен наÑин, и
+издаÑелиÑе повеÑе, но Ñова е пÑедвидено
каÑо наÑин за пÑомÑна на
+поведениеÑо им.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑинÑкаÑа ÑÑÑановена ÑÑадиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑеÑо
обÑеÑÑво е, Ñе авÑоÑÑкоÑо
+пÑаво Ñе оÑнаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ еÑÑеÑÑвениÑе пÑава на
обÑноÑÑÑа â и Ñе може да
+бÑде опÑавдано Ñамо ако е в полза на
обÑноÑÑÑа.</p></li>
+
+<li>Ðкономика.
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑледниÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° налиÑиеÑо на
ÑобÑÑвениÑи на ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ, Ñе Ñова
+води до пÑоизводÑÑвоÑо на повеÑе
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа Ñазлика Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑе, Ñози аÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ðµ
вÑзпÑиема оÑноваÑелен подÑ
од
+кÑм ÑемаÑа. ÐÑнован е на логиÑна Ñел â
задоволÑванеÑо на
+поÑÑебиÑелиÑе на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. ÐÑвен Ñова е
ÑÑно, Ñе Ñ
оÑаÑа Ñе пÑоизвеждаÑ
+повеÑе даден пÑодÑкÑ, когаÑо Ñа добÑе
плаÑени за Ñази Ñи дейноÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо икономиÑеÑкиÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð° голÑм
пÑопÑÑк: Ñой е оÑнован на
+пÑезÑмпÑиÑÑа, Ñе ÑазликаÑа е Ñамо в Ñова
колко паÑи ÑÑÑбва да плаÑим.
+Това пÑедполага, Ñе ние иÑкаме
âпÑоизводÑÑво на ÑоÑÑÑеÑâ, незавиÑимо
+дали ÑоÑÑÑеÑа има ÑобÑÑвениÑи или не.</p>
+
+<p>
+ХоÑаÑа Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑовноÑÑ Ð²ÑзпÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ñова
пÑедположение, понеже Ñо е в ÑниÑон
+Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° маÑеÑиалниÑе обекÑи. Ðа
вземем за пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½
+ÑандвиÑ. Ðоже да имаÑе вÑзможноÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе
ÑдобиеÑе Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð°ÐºÑв ÑандвиÑ
+безплаÑно или ÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделена ÑÑма. Ðко е
Ñака, единÑÑвенаÑа Ñазлика
+е ÑÑмаÑа, коÑÑо плаÑаÑе. Ðали Ñе го кÑпиÑе
или не, ÑандвиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð°
+ÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÐºÑÑ, ÑÑÑаÑа Ñ
ÑаниÑелна ÑÑойноÑÑ, а и
в дваÑа ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да го
+изÑдеÑе Ñамо веднÑж. Ðали Ñе полÑÑиÑе
ÑандвиÑа Ð¾Ñ ÑобÑÑвеник или не
+не може да ви заÑегне по никакÑв наÑин,
оÑвен паÑиÑе, коиÑо
+пÑиÑежаваÑе Ñлед Ñова.</p>
+
+<p>
+Това е вÑÑно за вÑеки вид маÑеÑиален обекÑ
â дали има ÑобÑÑвеник или
+не не оказва пÑÑко влиÑние вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñова
какво <em>пÑедÑÑавлÑва</em>, или
+какво биÑ
Ñе могли да пÑавиÑе Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ñлед
каÑо го пÑидобиеÑе.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо ако една пÑогÑама има ÑобÑÑвеник, Ñова
до голÑма ÑÑепен опÑеделÑ
+каква е, и какво може да пÑавиÑе Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð¾
копие, ако го кÑпиÑе.
+РазликаÑа не е Ñамо вÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑи.
СиÑÑемаÑа на ÑобÑÑвениÑи на
+ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¸ окÑÑажава да пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑо
â но не ÑоÑно Ñова, Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÐµÑо
+обÑеÑÑвоÑо Ñе нÑждае наиÑÑина. Ð
пÑиÑинÑва неÑловимо еÑиÑно
+замÑÑÑÑване, коеÑо вÑеди на вÑиÑки ни.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾ има нÑжда обÑеÑÑвоÑо? Ðма нÑжда
Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑиÑ, коÑÑо да е
+иÑÑинÑки доÑÑÑпна за гÑажданиÑе â
напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами, коиÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа да
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑеÑаÑ, да коÑигиÑаÑ, да адапÑиÑаÑ
и подобÑÑваÑ, не Ñамо да ги
+ползваÑ. Ðо Ñова, коеÑо ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе на
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¾
+пÑедоÑÑавÑÑ, е ÑеÑна кÑÑиÑ, коÑÑо не можем
да изÑÑаваме или
+пÑоменÑме.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐбÑеÑÑвоÑо ÑÑÑо има нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ñвобода.
ÐогаÑо една пÑогÑама има
+ÑобÑÑвеник, поÑÑебиÑелиÑе гÑбÑÑ ÑвободаÑа
да конÑÑолиÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
+ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>
+РпÑеди вÑиÑко обÑеÑÑвоÑо ÑÑÑбва да
пооÑÑÑва дÑÑ
а на добÑоволно
+ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво Ñ Ð³ÑажданиÑе. ÐогаÑо
ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе на ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸
+казваÑ, Ñе да Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
еÑÑеÑÑвен наÑин е âпиÑаÑÑÑвоâ, Ñе
+замÑÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑажданÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
на наÑеÑо
обÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑо заÑо ние казваме,
+Ñе <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">ÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> е
+вÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñвобода, не на Ñена.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐкономиÑеÑкиÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² полза на
ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе е погÑеÑен, но
+икономиÑеÑкиÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблем е налиÑе. ÐÑкои
Ñ
оÑа пиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·ÐµÐ½ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°
+ÑдоволÑÑвие или Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑзÑ
иÑение и лÑбов, но
ако иÑкаме повеÑе ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ
+Ñози, койÑо Ñе пиÑаÑ, ÑÑÑбва да набиÑаме
ÑÑедÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑе деÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¸, ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñа опиÑвали
+ÑазлиÑни меÑоди за набиÑанеÑо на ÑÑедÑÑва,
Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑен ÑÑпеÑ
. ÐÑма
+нÑжда никой да ÑÑава богаÑ; ÑÑедниÑÑ
годиÑен пÑиÑ
од за едно
+амеÑиканÑко ÑемейÑÑво, около 35,000 Ñ.д., е
доÑÑаÑÑÑно пооÑÑение за
+много дейноÑÑи, коиÑо Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-малÑк
задоволÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¾Ñ
+пÑогÑамиÑанеÑо.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðодини наÑед, докаÑо задÑÑга не напÑави
Ñова ненÑжно, аз Ñе издÑÑжаÑ
+Ð¾Ñ ÑпеÑиÑиÑни подобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑоÑÑÑеÑа,
койÑо бÑÑ
напиÑал. ÐÑÑко
+подобÑение беÑе добавÑно кÑм ÑÑандаÑÑнаÑа
издавана веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñака
+доÑÑÑпно за ÑÑлаÑа обÑноÑÑ. ÐлиенÑиÑе ми
плаÑаÑ
а, за да ÑабоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ
+подобÑениÑ, коиÑо Ñе иÑкаÑ
а, вмеÑÑо вÑÑÑ
Ñ
ÑÑнкÑионалноÑÑи, коиÑо инаÑе
+биÑ
опÑеделил каÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹-виÑок пÑиоÑиÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/fsf/fsf.html">ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</a>,
+благоÑвоÑиÑелна оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑазÑабоÑка на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, набиÑа
+ÑÑедÑÑва ÑÑез
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">пÑодажбаÑа</a>
+на аÑÑикÑли, ÑвÑÑзани Ñ GNU:
+<a href="/software/software.html">диÑкове ÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a>,
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">Ñланелки</a>,
+<a href="/doc/doc.html">ÑÑководÑÑва</a> и
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">лÑкÑозни диÑÑÑибÑÑии</a>,
+(вÑиÑки Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо поÑÑебиÑелиÑе Ñа Ñвободни
да копиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ пÑоменÑÑ),
+какÑо и оÑ
+<a href="http://donate.fsf.org/">даÑениÑ</a>. РмоменÑа има
пеÑÑонал
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑима пÑогÑамиÑÑи и ÑÑима ÑлÑжиÑели,
коиÑо обÑабоÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑавкиÑе
+по поÑаÑа.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑкои ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
пеÑелÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ñи, каÑо пÑодаваÑ
+ÑÑлÑги по поддÑÑжка. âСигнÑÑ Ð¡ÑпоÑÑâ, Ñ
около 50 ÑлÑжиÑели (когаÑо
+Ñази ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ðµ напиÑана), пÑедвиждаÑ, Ñе
около 15 пÑоÑенÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑа
+на ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑонал е ÑазÑабоÑка на
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ â доÑÑоен за
+Ñважение дÑл за ÑоÑÑÑеÑна ÑиÑма.</p>
+
+<p>
+ФиÑми, вклÑÑваÑи âÐнÑелâ, âÐоÑоÑолаâ,
âТекÑÐ°Ñ ÐнÑÑÑÑменÑÑâ и âÐналог
+ÐивайÑеÑâ Ñе обединиÑ
а, за да ÑинанÑиÑаÑ
пÑодÑлжаванеÑо на
+ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на компилаÑоÑа на GNU за езика
Си. ÐеждÑвÑеменно,
+компилаÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU за езика Ðда Ñе
ÑинанÑиÑа Ð¾Ñ ÐоенновÑздÑÑниÑе Ñили
+на СÐЩ, понеже вÑÑваÑ, Ñе Ñова е най-евÑиниÑ
наÑин да Ñе ÑдобиÑÑ Ñ
+виÑококаÑеÑÑвен компилаÑоÑ. (ÐÐС
пÑекÑаÑиÑ
а ÑинанÑиÑанеÑо пÑеди
+извеÑÑно вÑеме; компилаÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU за Ðда е
налиÑе, а поддÑÑжкаÑа мÑ
+Ñе ÑпонÑоÑиÑа комеÑÑиално.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑиÑки Ñези пÑимеÑи Ñа малко; ÐвижениеÑо
за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñе оÑе е
+малко, и вÑе оÑе е младо. Ðо пÑимеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°
Ñадио, поддÑÑжано оÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑелиÑе, в Ñази ÑÑÑана (СÐЩ) ни показва,
Ñе е вÑзможно да Ñе
+поддÑÑжа голÑма дейноÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· да Ñе наÑилва
вÑеки поÑÑебиÑел да
+плаÑа.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑо компÑÑÑÑен поÑÑебиÑел днеÑ, може да
Ñе окаже Ñака, Ñе ползваÑе
+пÑогÑама, коÑÑо е
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a>. Ðко Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑел ви помоли за
копие, би било гÑеÑно да
+оÑкажеÑе. Ðо ÑайноÑо ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво не
води кÑм добÑо обÑеÑÑво.
+Човек би ÑÑÑбвало да Ñе ÑÑÑеми да живее
поÑÑен живоÑ, оÑкÑиÑо и Ñ
+гоÑдоÑÑ, а Ñова ознаÑава да каже âÐеâ на
ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðие заÑлÑжаваÑе да имаÑе вÑзможноÑÑÑа да
Ñи ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑиÑе оÑкÑиÑо и
+Ñвободно Ñ Ð´ÑÑги Ñ
оÑа, коиÑо ползваÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ðие заÑлÑжаваÑе да
+можеÑе да изÑÑаваÑе как ÑабоÑи ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, и
да обÑÑаваÑе ÑÑаÑиÑе Ñ
+него. Ðие заÑлÑжаваÑе да можеÑе да наемеÑе
лÑÐ±Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñи пÑогÑамиÑÑ Ð´Ð°
+опÑави гÑеÑка в ÑоÑÑÑеÑа.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðие заÑлÑжаваÑе Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>Това еÑе е пÑбликÑвано в
+книгаÑа <a href="/doc/book13.html"><cite>Свободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñвободно
+обÑеÑÑво: избÑани еÑеÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð.
СÑолман</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">ÐÑÑги ÑекÑÑове за
ÑеÑене</a></h4>
+<hr />
+
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<div class="translations">
+<p><a id="translations"></a>
+<b>ÐÑÑги пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑÑаниÑа</b>:<br />
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+[
+ <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> <!-- Catalan -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> <!-- Czech -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> <!-- Danish -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> <!-- German -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> <!-- Spanish -->
+| <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a>
<!-- Farsi/Persian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> <!-- French -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> <!-- Croatian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> <!-- Indonesian
-->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> <!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> <!--
Japanese -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">한국어</a> <!--
Korean -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> <!-- Hungarian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.nl.html">Nederlands</a> <!-- Dutch -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">Polski</a> <!-- Polish -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt.html">Português</a> <!-- -->
+| <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a>
<!-- Russian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.tr.html">Türkçe</a> <!--
Turkish -->
+]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="copyright">
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑане кÑм <a href="/home.bg.html">главнаÑа
ÑÑÑаниÑа на пÑоекÑа GNU</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа:
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини
+за <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ
ФСС.
+<br />
+ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени
Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
+пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа:
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
+за пÑеводаÑи</a> за инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
кооÑдиниÑанеÑо и подаванеÑо на
+пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава 1994 РиÑаÑд СÑолман
+<br />
+ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за
+вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо
на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
+бележка да бÑде запазена.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>ÐÑевод</b>: Ð¯Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ðоганов</a> <a
+href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><[EMAIL PROTECTED]></a>, 2007 г.
+<br />
+ÐолÑ, докладвайÑе гÑеÑки и пÑедложениÑ
оÑноÑно бÑлгаÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ñевод ÑÑез
+<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=www-bg">ÑиÑÑемаÑа за
+пÑоÑледÑване на гÑеÑки</a> на <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg/">пÑоекÑа за
пÑевод на
+www.gnu.org</a>. ÐлагодаÑим Ðи!</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/01/28 11:42:38 $ $Author: yavor $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
Index: why-free.html
===================================================================
RCS file: why-free.html
diff -N why-free.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ why-free.html 28 Jan 2007 11:42:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
+
+<head>
+<title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]" />
+</head>
+
+<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
+<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
+<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
+<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
+<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+
+<body>
+
+<p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
+
+<h3>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h3>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
+ alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
+ width="160" height="200" /></a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives
+software programs ``owners'', most of whom aim to withhold software's
+potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would like to be
+the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we use.</p>
+
+<p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing---a technology for mass
+production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners
+to help your friend.</li>
+
+ <li>Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.</li>
+
+ <li>Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people are
+told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.</li>
+
+ <li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as MIT's David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not
+accused of copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities
+unguarded and failing to censor their use.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as ``samizdat''. There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.</p>
+
+<p>
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>Name calling.
+
+<p>
+Owners use smear words such as ``piracy'' and ``theft'', as well as expert
+terminology such as ``intellectual property'' and ``damage'', to suggest a
+certain line of thinking to the public---a simplistic analogy between
+programs and physical objects.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to <em>take an object away</em> from someone else. They
+don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.</p></li>
+
+<li>Exaggeration.
+
+<p>
+Owners say that they suffer ``harm'' or ``economic loss'' when users copy
+programs themselves. But the copying has no direct effect on the
+owner, and it harms no one. The owner can lose only if the person who
+made the copy would otherwise have paid for one from the owner.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies. Yet the owners compute their ``losses'' as if each and every
+one would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration---to put it
kindly.</p></li>
+
+<li>The law.
+
+<p>
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality---yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these penalties
+as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.</p>
+
+<p>
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.</p>
+
+<p>
+It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
+should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.</p></li>
+
+<li>Natural rights.
+
+<p>
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else---or even those of the whole rest of the world. (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)</p>
+
+<p>
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom---the author is more
+important than you---I can only say that I, a notable software author
+myself, call it bunk.</p>
+
+<p>
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.</p>
+
+<p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
+cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which?
+The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
+balance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly. Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things. No one should.</p>
+
+<p>
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true. The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up. That's why the Constitution only
+<em>permits</em> a system of copyright and does not <em>require</em>
+one; that's why it says that copyright must be temporary. It also
+states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress---not to
+reward authors. Copyright does reward authors somewhat, and
+publishers more, but that is intended as a means of modifying their
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public---and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.</p></li>
+
+<li>Economics.
+
+<p>
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject. It is based on a valid goal---satisfying the users of
+software. And it is empirically clear that people will produce more of
+something if they are well paid for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that ``production of software'' is what we want, whether the
+software has owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either free or
+for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once. Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is true for any kind of material object---whether or not it has an
+owner does not directly affect what it <em>is</em>, or what you can do with
+it if you acquire it.</p>
+
+<p>
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one. The difference is not
+just a matter of money. The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something---but not what society really
+needs. And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+What does society need? It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens---for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.</p>
+
+<p>
+Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
+
+<p>
+And above all society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is ``piracy'', they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is why we say that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
+is a matter of freedom, not price.</p>
+
+<p>
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real. Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
+
+<p>
+For ten years now, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
+rich; the median US family income, around $35k, proves to be
+enough incentive for many jobs that are less satisfying than
+programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written. Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public. Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, a
+tax-exempt charity for free software development, raises funds by
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">selling</a>
+GNU
+<a href="/software/software.html">CD-ROMs</a>,
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">T-shirts</a>,
+<a href="/doc/doc.html">manuals</a>, and
+<a href="http://order.fsf.org/">deluxe distributions</a>,
+(all of which users are free to copy and change), as well as from
+<a href="http://donate.fsf.org/">donations</a>. It now has a staff of five
+programmers, plus three employees who handle mail orders.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees [when this article was
+written], estimates that about 15 per cent of its staff activity is
+free software development---a respectable percentage for a software
+company.</p>
+
+<p>
+Companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and Analog
+Devices have combined to fund the continued development of the free
+GNU compiler for the language C. Meanwhile, the GNU compiler for the
+Ada language is being funded by the US Air Force, which believes this
+is the most cost-effective way to get a high quality compiler.
+[Air Force funding ended some time ago; the GNU Ada Compiler
+is now in service, and its maintenance is funded commercially.]</p>
+
+<p>
+All these examples are small; the free software movement is still
+small, and still young. But the example of listener-supported radio
+in this country [the US] shows it's possible to support a large
+activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
+(18k characters)</a> program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it
+would be wrong to refuse. Cooperation is more important than
+copyright. But underground, closet cooperation does not make for a
+good society. A person should aspire to live an upright life openly
+with pride, and this means saying ``No'' to proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software. You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it. You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve free software.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published in <a href="/doc/book13.html"><cite>Free Software,
+Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
+<hr />
+
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<div class="translations">
+<p><a id="translations"></a>
+<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+[
+ <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> <!-- Catalan -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> <!-- Czech -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> <!-- Danish -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> <!-- German -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> <!-- Spanish -->
+| <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a>
<!-- Farsi/Persian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> <!-- French -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> <!-- Croatian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> <!-- Indonesian
-->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> <!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> <!--
Japanese -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">한국어</a> <!--
Korean -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> <!-- Hungarian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.nl.html">Nederlands</a> <!-- Dutch -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">Polski</a> <!-- Polish -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt.html">Português</a> <!-- -->
+| <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a>
<!-- Russian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/why-free.tr.html">Türkçe</a> <!--
Turkish -->
+]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="copyright">
+<p>
+Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright 1994 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/01/28 11:42:38 $ $Author: yavor $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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