CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-bg
Module name: www-bg
Changes by: Nadya Velikova <nadya> 07/09/17 19:06:42
Added files:
philosophy : software-literary-patents.bg.html
software-literary-patents.html
Log message:
ÐÑевод на "Software Patents and Literary Patents"
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html?cvsroot=www-bg&rev=1.1
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Patches:
Index: software-literary-patents.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software-literary-patents.bg.html
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
+<title>СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи и паÑенÑиÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑаÑа - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ
+GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
+<h2>СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи и паÑенÑиÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑаÑа</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>Ð¾Ñ <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a></strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>СÑаÑиÑÑа е пÑбликÑвана за пÑÑви пÑÑ Ð½Ð° 20
Ñни 2005г. в
+лондонÑÐºÐ¸Ñ <cite>âÐаÑдиÑнâ</cite>. ÐиÑекÑиваÑа
за ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи
+бе оÑÑ
вÑÑлена на 6-Ñи Ñли, заÑоÑо в
поÑледнаÑа минÑÑа поддÑÑжниÑиÑе Ñ
+ÑеÑиÑ
а да не Ñи пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑилиÑе. СÑÑ
ÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ñе опиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ñново, но Ñ
+малко по-ÑазлиÑни меÑоди.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа 6 Ñли 2005г. ÐвÑопейÑкиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ»Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе
глаÑÑва дали да ÑазÑеÑи
+използванеÑо на паÑенÑи вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ â
пагÑбна полиÑика, коÑÑо Ñе
+огÑаниÑи вÑеки компÑÑÑÑен поÑÑебиÑел и Ñе
Ñ
вÑÑли ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи в поÑÑоÑнна ÑÑевога.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðного Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑиÑе веÑоÑÑно глаÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑлÑпо â понеже не Ñа
+пÑогÑамиÑÑи, Ñе не ÑазбиÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾
пÑиÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи.
+Ðбикновено полиÑиÑиÑе Ñи миÑлÑÑ, Ñе
паÑенÑиÑе Ñа каÑо закониÑе за
+авÑоÑÑко пÑаво (Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ»ÑÑение на дÑебни
деÑайли), коеÑо не е вÑÑно.
+ÐапÑимеÑ, когаÑо пÑблиÑно попиÑаÑ
ÐаÑÑик
Ðеведжиан (Ñогава миниÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑомиÑленоÑÑÑа) как ФÑанÑÐ¸Ñ Ñе глаÑÑва по
вÑпÑоÑа за ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе
+паÑенÑи, Ðеведжиан оÑговоÑи Ñ ÑÑогаÑелно
Ñлово в заÑиÑа на авÑоÑÑкоÑо
+пÑаво, вÑзÑ
валÑвайки ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾<sup><a
href="#TransNote1" id="TransBack1">1</a></sup>
+за ÑолÑÑа Ð¼Ñ Ð² попÑлÑÑизиÑанеÑо на
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво. (ÐодвеждаÑиÑÑ
+ÑеÑмин <a href="not-ipr.html">âинÑелекÑÑална
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ</a> допÑинаÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+Ñова обÑÑкване â една Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑиниÑе изобÑо
да не допÑÑкаме ÑпоÑÑебаÑа
+мÑ.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ХоÑаÑа, коиÑо Ñи пÑедÑÑавÑÑ ÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐµÑекÑ
каÑо пÑи пÑилагане на
+авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво, не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° оÑÑзнаÑÑ
иÑÑинÑкиÑе поÑледиÑи оÑ
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи. Ðожем да ползваме
ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾ каÑо пÑимеÑ, за да
+илÑÑÑÑиÑаме ÑазликиÑе.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðдин Ñоман и една ÑÑвÑеменна Ñложна
пÑогÑама Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделени обÑи
+ÑеÑÑи â и двеÑе Ñа обемиÑÑи, и двеÑе
вÑплÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво идеи. Така
+Ñе, нека доÑазвием аналогиÑÑа и да
пÑедположим, Ñе паÑенÑноÑо пÑаво е
+било пÑилагано вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑоманиÑе пÑез 1800г. Ðа
пÑедположим, Ñе ÑÑÑани
+каÑо ФÑанÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа ÑазÑеÑили паÑенÑованеÑо
на лиÑеÑаÑÑÑни идеи. Ðак Ñова
+би повлиÑло вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑвоÑбиÑе на ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾?
Ðакви поÑледиÑи биÑ
а
+оÑÑавили лиÑеÑаÑÑÑниÑе паÑенÑи в
ÑÑавнение Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледиÑиÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкоÑо
+пÑаво?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа Ñазгледаме Ñомана âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ на
ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾. Ðонеже Ñой Ñи го е
+напиÑал, авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава Ñа мÑ
пÑинадлежали изÑÑло, Ñамо на него и на
+никой дÑÑг. Ðе Ð¼Ñ Ñе е налагало да Ñе
ÑÑÑаÑ
Ñва, Ñе нÑкой Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¸
+могÑл да го ÑÑди за наÑÑÑение на
авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава и пÑи Ñова да
+ÑпеÑели. Това е било невÑзможно, заÑоÑо
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво покÑива Ñамо
+ÑÑдÑÑжаниеÑо на авÑоÑÑкаÑа ÑвоÑба и
огÑаниÑава единÑÑвено копиÑанеÑо.
+Юго не е копиÑал âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ и заÑова не
е бил в опаÑноÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑенÑиÑе дейÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ дÑÑг наÑин. Те
покÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸. ÐÑеки паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ðµ
+монопол вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑпÑажнÑванеÑо на дадена
идеÑ, опиÑана в ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ.
+ÐÑо пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° Ñ
ипоÑеÑиÑен лиÑеÑаÑÑÑен
паÑенÑ:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑиÑ<sup><a href="#TransNote2"
id="TransBack2">2</a></sup>
+ 1 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване, изгÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð²
ÑÑзнаниеÑо на ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñаза
+ на геÑой, койÑо е бил в заÑвоÑа за дÑлÑг
пеÑиод Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñеме и Ñе е
+ озлобил кÑм обÑеÑÑвоÑо и ÑовеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñод.</li>
+
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 2 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване
ÑÑглаÑно пÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 1, в
+ койÑо опиÑаниÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑе геÑой намиÑа в
поÑледÑÑвие моÑално изкÑпление
+ поÑÑедÑÑвом добÑоÑаÑа на дÑÑгиго.</li>
+
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 3 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване
ÑÑглаÑно пÑеÑенÑии 1 и
+ 2, в койÑо ÑпоменаÑиÑÑ Ð³ÐµÑой ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑо
Ñи в Ñ
ода на Ñазказа.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Ðко Ñози паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ðµ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑвал пÑез 1862г.,
пÑи пÑбликÑванеÑо на
+âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ, Ñо ÑоманÑÑ ÑеÑе да наÑÑÑи и
ÑÑиÑе пÑеÑенÑии, понеже
+опиÑаноÑо в ÑÑÑ
Ñе ÑлÑÑва Ñ Ð³ÐµÑÐ¾Ñ Ðан
Ðалжан. ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾ би могÑл да
+попадне в ÑÑда и в ÑакÑв ÑлÑÑай ÑеÑе да
загÑби. РоманÑÑ Ð±Ð¸ бил
+забÑанен, на пÑакÑика â ÑензÑÑиÑан, оÑ
пÑиÑежаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑенÑа.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð Ñега да Ñазгледаме ÑледваÑиÑ
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑен паÑенÑ:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 1 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване,
изгÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑзнаниеÑо
+ на ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñаза на геÑой, койÑо е бил
в заÑвоÑа задÑлго и в
+ поÑледÑÑвие пÑÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑо Ñи.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ би наÑÑÑил и Ñози паÑенÑ,
ÑÑй каÑо и Ñова опиÑание
+ÑÑвпада Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑоопиÑаниеÑо на Ðан Ðалжан.
ÐÑо и оÑе един Ñ
ипоÑеÑиÑен
+паÑенÑ:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 1 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване,
изгÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑзнаниеÑо
+ на ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñаза на геÑой, койÑо
намиÑа моÑално изкÑпление и
+ Ñлед Ñова ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑо Ñи.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Ðан Ðалжан би наÑÑÑил и Ñози паÑенÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑÑиÑе опиÑани паÑенÑа обÑ
ваÑаÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑÑа на един геÑой Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½
+Ñоман. Те Ñе пÑепокÑиваÑ, но не Ñа
абÑолÑÑно еднакви. ÐаÑова и могаÑ
+да Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñеменно â и ÑÑиÑе
ÑобÑÑвеника на паÑенÑи биÑ
а могли да
+ÑÑдÑÑ ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾. ÐÑеки един Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
би
могÑл да забÑани пÑбликÑванеÑо
+на âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РоманÑÑ Ð±Ð¸ наÑÑÑил и ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐÑеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ 1 â пÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване,
пÑедÑÑавÑÑ Ð³ÐµÑой, ÑиеÑо
+ име ÑÑвпада Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледнаÑа ÑÑиÑка оÑ
ÑамилиÑÑа мÑ,</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ÑÑез имеÑо âÐан Ðалжанâ. Ðо поне Ñози
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ðµ леÑен за избÑгване.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑоÑÑно Ñе Ñи помиÑлиÑе, Ñе Ñези идеи Ñа
Ñолкова елеменÑаÑни, Ñе
+никое паÑенÑно ведомÑÑво не би ги издало.
Ðие, пÑогÑамиÑÑиÑе, ÑеÑÑо
+Ñме изÑмени Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑоÑаÑа на идеиÑе,
покÑиÑи Ð¾Ñ Ñеални ÑоÑÑÑеÑни
+паÑенÑи. ÐапÑимеÑ, ÐвÑопейÑкоÑо паÑенÑно
ведомÑÑво е издало паÑенÑ
+вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð´Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑоÑа за пÑогÑÐµÑ Ð¸ паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ
пÑиеманеÑо на ÑазплаÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
+кÑедиÑни каÑÑи. Тези паÑенÑи биÑ
а били
пÑоÑÑо ÑмеÑни, ако не бÑÑ
а
+Ñолкова опаÑни.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑги облаÑÑи Ð¾Ñ âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ ÑÑÑо биÑ
а
могли да Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+пÑокобаÑа на паÑенÑиÑе. ÐапÑимеÑ, може да е
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑвал паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ
+използване на Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвено опиÑание на
биÑкаÑа пÑи ÐаÑеÑло, или паÑенÑ
+вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½ÐµÑо на паÑижки жаÑгон в
Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвенаÑа пÑоза. ÐÑе две
+ÑÑдебни дела. РдейÑÑвиÑелноÑÑ Ð½Ñма кÑай
бÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазлиÑниÑе паÑенÑи,
+коиÑо биÑ
а били пÑиложими пÑи ÑÑдебни дела
ÑÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑвоÑба каÑо
+âÐлеÑниÑиÑеâ. ÐÑиÑки ÑобÑÑвениÑи на
паÑенÑи биÑ
а казали, Ñе заÑлÑжаваÑ
+нагÑада за лиÑеÑаÑÑÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑ,
поÑÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸Ñе, коиÑо Ñе Ñа
+паÑенÑовали. Ðо Ñова Ñа пÑепÑÑÑÑвиÑ, коиÑо
не биÑ
а донеÑли пÑогÑеÑ,
+единÑÑвено биÑ
а ÑпÑвали ÑазвиÑиеÑо на
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑаÑа.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑв вÑеки ÑлÑÑай, един по-обÑиÑен паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¸
напÑавил вÑиÑки Ñези
+вÑпÑоÑи неÑмеÑÑни. ÐÑедÑÑавеÑе Ñи паÑенÑи
Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑиÑни пÑеÑенÑии каÑо
+Ñези:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐÑоÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° обÑÑване, поÑÑÑоен в
повеÑÑвоваÑелна ÑоÑма,
+ койÑо пÑодÑлжава на много ÑÑÑаниÑи.</li>
+ <li>ÐовеÑÑвоваÑелна ÑоÑма, наподобÑваÑа
на моменÑи мÑзикална
+ ÑÑга или импÑовизаÑиÑ.</li>
+ <li>ÐнÑÑига, ÑазвиваÑа Ñе около
пÑоÑивопоÑÑавÑнеÑо на опÑеделени
+ геÑои, каÑо вÑеки на Ñвой Ñед залага
капани на дÑÑгиÑе.</li>
+ <li>ÐовеÑÑвование, коеÑо изобÑазÑва
множеÑÑво обÑеÑÑвени Ñлоеве.</li>
+ <li>ÐовеÑÑвование, коеÑо ÑазкÑива
меÑ
анизма на непознаÑа
+ конÑпиÑаÑиÑ.</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <p>Ðои биÑ
а били ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе на Ñези
паÑенÑи? ÐÑзможно е Ñова да
+Ñа дÑÑги пиÑаÑели, напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÐÑма или
Ðалзак, коиÑо ÑÑÑо Ñа пиÑали
+Ñакива Ñомани. Ðо не е задÑлжиÑелно. Ðе Ñе
изиÑква да Ñи пиÑал
+пÑогÑама, за да паÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑна идеÑ.
СледоваÑелно, ако наÑиÑе
+Ñ
ипоÑеÑиÑни лиÑеÑаÑÑÑни паÑенÑи Ñе
подÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑеалнаÑа паÑенÑна
+ÑиÑÑема, Ñо нÑма да е необÑ
одимо
ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе им да Ñа пиÑали Ñомани,
+Ñазкази, изобÑо ниÑо, оÑвен паÑенÑни
пÑедложениÑ. ÐапоÑледÑк вÑе
+повеÑе и повеÑе Ñе ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñакива
паÑазиÑни паÑенÑни компании
+â пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, коиÑо не пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñо
дÑÑго, оÑвен заплаÑ
и и
+ÑÑдебни дела.</p>
+
+ <p>ÐÑи ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑванеÑо на Ñакива обÑиÑни
паÑенÑи, ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾ не би
+доÑÑигнал до моменÑа, в койÑо да Ñе ÑÑди
какви паÑенÑи Ñе го погнаÑ
+задеÑо ползва геÑÐ¾Ñ Ðан Ðалжан. ÐÑоÑÑо
нÑма и да Ñи помиÑли за пиÑане
+на Ñоман Ð¾Ñ ÑакÑв Ñод.</p>
+
+<p>Тази Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ð¸ помогнала на
непÑогÑамиÑÑиÑе да ÑазбеÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾
+вÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи. СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе
паÑенÑи покÑиваÑ
+ÑÑнкÑионалноÑÑи каÑо деÑиниÑане на
ÑÑкÑаÑениÑÑа в ÑекÑÑовиÑе ÑедакÑоÑи
+или пÑеизÑиÑлÑване на ÑоÑмÑлиÑе в
еÑÑеÑÑвен Ñед в една елекÑÑонна
+ÑаблиÑа. ÐаÑенÑиÑе покÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑми, оÑ
коиÑо пÑогÑамиÑе Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½Ñжда.
+ÐаÑенÑиÑе покÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑики на
ÑайловиÑе ÑоÑмаÑи, каÑо напÑимеÑ
+новиÑе ÑоÑмаÑи на ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñайлове на
УÑÑд. Ðидео ÑоÑмаÑÑÑ MPEG2
+Ñе покÑива Ð¾Ñ 39 ÑазлиÑни амеÑиканÑки
паÑенÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ТоÑно какÑо един Ñоман би могÑл да наÑÑÑи
наведнÑж доÑÑа
+лиÑеÑаÑÑÑни паÑенÑи, Ñака и една пÑогÑама
може да наÑÑÑи множеÑÑво
+паÑенÑи едновÑеменно. Ðа Ñе оÑкÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑиÑки
паÑенÑи, коиÑо една
+пÑогÑама наÑÑÑава, е Ñолкова Ñежка задаÑа,
Ñе Ñамо едно Ñакова
+пÑоÑÑване е напÑавено. ÐÑез 2004г. пÑоÑÑване
на ÐинÑÐºÑ (ÑдÑоÑо на
+опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема GNU/Linux) ÑазкÑива, Ñе
Ñо наÑÑÑава 283 ÑазлиÑни
+ÑоÑÑÑеÑни паÑенÑа в СÐЩ. С дÑÑги дÑми,
вÑеки Ð¾Ñ Ñези 283 ÑазлиÑни
+паÑенÑа покÑива нÑкой Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÑиÑлиÑелниÑе
пÑоÑеÑи из Ñ
илÑдиÑе ÑÑÑаниÑи
+изÑ
оден код на ÐинÑкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ТекÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° диÑекÑиваÑа, пÑиеÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð¡ÑвеÑа
на миниÑÑÑиÑе, неÑÑмнено
+ÑзаконÑва паÑенÑиÑе вÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑни
ÑеÑ
ники. (ÐижÑе <a
href="http://eupat.ffii.org/xatra/cons0406/text/index.en.html">http://eupat.ffii.org/xatra/cons0406/text/index.en.html</a>.)
+ÐейниÑе поддÑÑжниÑи ÑвÑÑдÑÑ, Ñе
изиÑкванеÑо паÑенÑиÑе да имаÑ
+âÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки Ñ
аÑакÑеÑâ Ñе изклÑÑи
ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи, но не е Ñака.
+ÐомпÑÑÑÑнаÑа пÑогÑама леÑно Ñе опиÑва по
âÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиâ наÑин - ÐÑÑоÑо
+по обжалване кÑм ÐвÑопейÑкоÑо паÑенÑно
ведомÑÑво казва (Ðело T
+0258/03; <a
href="http://legal.european-patent-office.org/dg3/pdf/t030258ex1.pdf">http://legal.european-patent-office.org/dg3/pdf/t030258ex1.pdf</a>):</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+ ÐÑÑоÑо е наÑÑно, Ñе ÑÑавниÑелно ÑиÑокоÑо
ÑÑлкÑвание на ÑеÑмина
+ âизобÑеÑениеâ в Ñлен 52(1) оÑ
ÐвÑопейÑкаÑа паÑенÑа конвенÑиÑ, Ñе
+ обÑ
ване дейноÑÑи, Ñолкова обиÑайни, Ñе
ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ Ñ
аÑакÑÐµÑ Ñе
+ бÑде пÑенебÑегван, каÑо напÑимеÑ
пиÑанеÑо Ñ Ñ
имикал вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñ
аÑÑиÑ.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Ðа да изпÑлни задаÑаÑа Ñи, вÑеки годен за
ÑпоÑÑеба ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да
+бÑде âзаÑеждан и изпÑлнÑван на компÑÑÑÑ,
пÑогÑамиÑÑема компÑÑÑÑна
+мÑежа или дÑÑг пÑогÑамиÑÑем апаÑаÑâ. Това
е кÑиÑеÑиÑÑ Ð² Ñлен 5(2) на
+диÑекÑиваÑа, доÑÑаÑÑÑен паÑенÑиÑе да
забÑанÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñи пÑбликÑванеÑо на
+пÑогÑами. (<a
href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papri/europarl0309/cons0401/tab/index.en.html">http://eupat.ffii.org/papri/europarl0309/cons0401/tab/index.en.html</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑиÑе Ñе ÑÑÑипÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑнаÑа ÑазÑабоÑка. Ðма един
+наÑин да Ñе пÑедоÑвÑаÑи Ñова и Ñой е
пÑоÑÑиÑÑк: не ги ÑзаконÑвайÑе.
+ÐÑи пÑÑвоÑо ÑеÑене пÑез 2003г. ÐвÑопейÑкиÑÑ
паÑÐ»Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñи
+необÑ
одимиÑе попÑавки за изклÑÑванеÑо на
ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи, но
+СÑвеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° миниÑÑÑиÑе пÑеÑазгледа
ÑеÑениеÑо. ÐÑажданиÑе на ÐвÑопейÑкиÑ
+ÑÑÑз ÑÑÑбва незабавно да Ñе ÑвÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑ
ÑвоиÑе пÑедÑÑавиÑели в
+ÐвÑопейÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑламенÑ, наÑÑоÑвайки пÑи
вÑоÑоÑо ÑеÑене на диÑекÑиваÑа
+да подкÑепÑÑ Ð¿ÑедиÑноÑо ÑеÑение на
паÑламенÑа.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div style="font-size: small;"><b>Ðележки на пÑеводаÑа</b>:
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="#TransBack1" id="TransNote1">1</a> ÐикÑÐ¾Ñ Ð®Ð³Ð¾ е
+ не Ñамо ÑвоÑеÑ, ÑÑаÑÑвал е и в
полиÑиÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° ФÑанÑиÑ. Ðил
+ е изÑвен ÑепÑбликанеÑ, поÑади коеÑо е
пÑаÑен в изгнание оÑ
+ Ðаполеон. След обÑвÑванеÑо на ТÑеÑаÑа
ÑÑенÑка ÑепÑблика Ñе завÑÑÑа
+ в ÑодинаÑа и ÑÑава оÑноваÑел на
междÑнаÑодна аÑоÑиаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
+ попÑлÑÑизиÑане на авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава.
Ðодина Ñлед ÑмÑÑÑÑа на Юго
+ аÑоÑиаÑиÑÑа издава ÐеÑнÑкаÑа конвенÑиÑ
за закÑилаÑа на
+ лиÑеÑаÑÑÑниÑе и Ñ
ÑдожеÑÑвениÑе
пÑоизведениÑ. ÐеÑнÑкаÑа конвенÑиÑ
+ Ñе Ñазвива едновÑеменно Ñ ÐаÑижкаÑа
конвенÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑеÑ
ниÑе
+ админиÑÑÑаÑивни бÑÑа Ñе обединÑваÑ, за
да доÑÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ днеÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñи
+ ваÑÐ¸Ð°Ð½Ñ â СвеÑовна оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
инÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ ÐºÑм
+ ÐÐÐ (WIPO).</li>
+ <li><a href="#TransBack2" id="TransNote2">2</a> ÐÑеÑенÑииÑе
+ Ñа оÑновниÑÑ ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² един издаден
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ заÑвка за паÑенÑ.
+ Те опÑеделÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñ
ваÑа на огÑаниÑениÑÑа,
налагани Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑниÑ
+ паÑенÑ. ÐÑвен ÑÑÑ
, паÑенÑÑÑ ÑÑдÑÑжа и
опиÑание, евенÑÑално и
+ ÑеÑÑежи кÑм него. Ðо пÑи иÑкове за
наÑÑÑаване или обÑвÑване на
+ недейÑÑвиÑелноÑÑ Ð½Ð° паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе ÑÑлкÑваÑ
Ñамо конкÑеÑниÑе пÑеÑенÑии.
+ Ðдин паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да има една или повеÑе
пÑеÑенÑии, поÑледоваÑелно
+ номеÑиÑани, опиÑваÑи вÑеки аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¾Ñ
âизобÑеÑениеÑоâ по ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки
+ наÑин.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
+ href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги
+наÑини за <a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡.
+<br />
+ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени
Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
+пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа: <a href="mailto:[EMAIL
PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
+за пÑеводаÑи</a> за инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
кооÑдиниÑанеÑо и подаванеÑо на пÑеводи
+на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2003 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
+ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за
+вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо
на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
+бележка да бÑде запазена.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑевод</b>: ÐÐ°Ð´Ñ Ðеликова <a
+ href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><[EMAIL PROTECTED]></a>,
+2007 г. <br />
+ÐолÑ, докладвайÑе гÑеÑки и пÑедложениÑ
оÑноÑно бÑлгаÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ñевод ÑÑез
+<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=www-bg">ÑиÑÑемаÑа за
+пÑоÑледÑване на гÑеÑки</a> на <a
+ href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg/">пÑоекÑа за
+пÑевод на www.gnu.org</a>. ÐлагодаÑим Ðи!</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/09/17 19:06:42 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>ÐÑÑги пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑÑаниÑа:</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: software-literary-patents.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software-literary-patents.html
diff -N software-literary-patents.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software-literary-patents.html 17 Sep 2007 19:06:42 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Software Patents and Literary Patents - GNU Project -
+Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Software Patents and Literary Patents</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>by <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article was first published in <cite>The Guardian</cite>, of
+London, on June 20, 2005. The software patent directive was voted
+down, on July 6, because its supporters decided at the last minute not
+to try their strength. They will surely try again, in not quite the
+same way.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+On July 6, 2005, the European Parliament will vote on the vital
+question of whether to allow patents covering software—a policy
+that would restrict every computer user, and tie software developers
+up in knots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many politicians may be voting blind; not being programmers, they
+don't understand what software patents do. They often think patents
+are similar to copyright law (except for some details)—which is
+not the case. For instance, when I publicly asked Patrick Devedjian,
+then Minister for Industry, how France would vote on the issue of
+software patents, Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of
+copyright law, praising Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of
+copyright. (The misleading term <a href="not-ipr.html">
+“intellectual property”</a>, promotes this
+confusion—one reason it should never be used.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those who imagine effects like those of copyright law cannot envision
+grasp the real effects of software patents. We can use Victor Hugo as
+an example to illustrate the difference.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A novel and a modern complex program have certain points in common:
+each one is large, and implements many ideas. So let's follow the
+analogy, and suppose that patent law had been applied to novels in the
+1800s; suppose that states such as France had permitted the patenting
+of literary ideas. How would this have affected Victor Hugo's
+writing? How would the effects of literary patents compare with the
+effects of literary copyright?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Consider the novel, Les Misérables, which Hugo wrote. Since he wrote
+it, the copyright belonged only to him—nobody else. He did not
+have to fear that some stranger could sue him for copyright
+infringement and win. That was impossible, because copyright covers
+only the details of a work of authorship, and it only restricts
+copying. Hugo had not copied Les Misérables, so he was not in danger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Patents work differently. Patents cover ideas; each patent is a
+monopoly on practicing some idea, which is described in the patent
+itself. Here's one example of a hypothetical literary patent:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Claim 1: a communication process that represents in the mind of a
+ reader the concept of a character who has been in jail for a long
+ time and becomes bitter towards society and humankind.</li>
+
+ <li>Claim 2: a communication process according to claim 1, wherein
+ said character subsequently finds moral redemption through the
+ kindness of another.</li>
+
+ <li>Claim 3: a communication process according to claims 1 and 2,
+ wherein said character changes his name during the story.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+If such a patent had existed in 1862 when Les Misérables was
+published, the novel would have infringed all three claims, since all
+these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could
+have been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have
+been prohibited—in effect, censored—by the patent holder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now consider this hypothetical literary patent:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Claim 1: a communication process that represents in the mind
+ of a reader the concept of a character who has been in jail for a long
+ time and subsequently changes his name.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Les Misérables would have infringed that patent too, because this
+description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And here's
+another hypothetical patent:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Claim 1: a communication process that represents in the mind
+of a reader the concept of a character who finds moral redemption and
+then changes his name.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Jean Valjean would have infringed this patent too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These three patents would all cover the story of one character in a
+novel. They overlap, but they do not precisely duplicate each other,
+so they could all be valid simultaneously; all three patent holders
+could have sued Victor Hugo. Any one of them could have prohibited
+publication of Les Misérables.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The novel would also have infringed this patent,
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Claim 1: a communication process that presents a character
+whose given name matches the last syllable of his family name.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+through the name “Jean Valjean”, but at least this patent
+would have been easy to avoid.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You might think that these ideas are so simple that no patent office
+would have issued them. We programmers are often amazed by the
+simplicity of the ideas that real software patents cover—for
+instance, the European Patent Office has issued a patent on the
+progress bar, and a patent on accepting payment via credit cards.
+These patents would be laughable if they were not so dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Other aspects of Les Misérables could also have run afoul of patents.
+For instance, there could have been a patent on a fictionalized
+portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on using Parisian
+slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there is no limit to
+the number of different patents that might have been applicable for
+suing the author of a work such as Les Misérables. All the patent
+holders would say they deserved a reward for the literary progress
+that their patented ideas represent, but these obstacles would not
+promote progress in literature, they would only obstruct it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, a very broad patent could have made all these issues
+irrelevant. Imagine patents with broad claims like these:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Communication process structured with narration that continues
+through many pages.</li>
+ <li>A narration structure sometimes resembling a fugue or
+improvisation.</li>
+ <li>Intrigue articulated around the confrontation of specific
+characters, each in turn setting traps for the others.</li>
+ <li>Narration that presents many layers of society.</li>
+ <li>Narration that shows the wheels of hidden conspiracy.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p> Who would the patent holders have been? They could have been
+other novelists, perhaps Dumas or Balzac, who had written such
+novels—but not necessarily. It isn't required to write a
+program to patent a software idea, so if our hypothetical literary
+patents follow the real patent system, these patent holders would not
+have had to write novels, or stories, or anything—except patent
+applications. Patent parasite companies, businesses that produce
+nothing except threats and lawsuits, are growing larger today.</p>
+
+ <p> Given these broad patents, Victor Hugo would not have reached
+the point of asking what patents might get him sued for using the
+character of Jean Valjean, because he could not even have considered
+writing a novel of this kind.</p>
+
+<p>This analogy can help non-programmers see what software patents
+do. Software patents cover features, such as defining abbreviations in
+a word processor, or natural order recalculation in a spreadsheet.
+Patents cover algorithms that programs need to use. Patents cover
+aspects of file formats, such as Microsoft's new formats for Word
+files. MPEG 2 video format is covered by 39 different US patents.</p>
+
+<p>Just as one novel could infringe many different literary patents at
+once, one program can infringe many different patents at once. It is
+so much work to identify all the patents infringed by a large program
+that only one such study has been done. A 2004 study of Linux, the
+kernel of the GNU/Linux operating system, found it infringed 283
+different US software patents. That is to say, each of these 283
+different patents covers some computational process found somewhere in
+the thousands of pages of source code of Linux.</p>
+
+<p>The text of the directive approved by the Council of Ministers
+clearly authorizes patents covering software techniques.
+(See <a
href="http://eupat.ffii.org/xatra/cons0406/text/index.en.html">http://eupat.ffii.org/xatra/cons0406/text/index.en.html</a>.)
+Its backers claim that the requirement for patents to have a
+“technical character” will exclude software patents, but
+it will not. It is easy to describe a computer program in a
+“technical” way: The Boards of Appeal of the European
+Patent Office said (Case T 0258/03;
+<a
href="http://legal.european-patent-office.org/dg3/pdf/t030258ex1.pdf">http://legal.european-patent-office.org/dg3/pdf/t030258ex1.pdf</a>):</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+ The Board is aware that its comparatively broad interpretation of
+ the term “invention” in Article 52(1) EPC will include
+ activities which are so familiar that their technical character
+ tends to be overlooked, such as the act of writing using pen and
+ paper.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Any usable software can be “loaded and executed in a
+computer, programmed computer network or other programmable
+apparatus” in order to do its job, which is the criterion in
+article 5(2) of the directive for patents to prohibit even the
+publication of programs
+(<a
href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papri/europarl0309/cons0401/tab/index.en.html">http://eupat.ffii.org/papri/europarl0309/cons0401/tab/index.en.html</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The way to prevent software patents from bollixing software
+development is simple: don't authorize them. In the first reading, in
+2003, the European Parliament adopted the necessary amendments to
+exclude software patents, but the Council of Ministers reversed the
+decision. Citizens of the EU should phone their MEPs without delay,
+urging them to sustain the parliament's previous decision in the
+second reading of the directive.
+</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
+permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
+notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/09/17 19:06:42 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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