On 03/07/2011 02:23 AM, bearophile wrote:
The "where" allows to write an expression where some parts of it are defined
below it. In the where you are allowed to put one or more variables (immutable values in
Haskell) and functions (values again).
So first of all some usage examples from random Haskell code (Haskell uses
significant indentation, almost as Python):
median xs | even len = (mean . take 2 . drop (mid - 1)) ordered
| otherwise = ordered !! mid
where len = length xs
mid = len `div` 2
ordered = sort xs
Hello Bearophile,
I also find this feature very nice (to the point of having asked for its
introduction in Python, one day --without success). I like it because it makes
the reasoning clear. There are 2 kinds of statement sequences in declarative
programming:
* (chrono)logical sequences (*)
* expression sequences
The latter define sub-expressions of a more complex super-expression -- if only
to make it clear -- using temporary variables.
In functional programming, using temp that way vars in at best awkward; rather
unnatural and unpractical. Thus, 'where' (also 'let' in scheme/Lisp) constructs
really fulfill a need.
In imperative programming, you don't have such a need. But conceptualy, a way
to express that sub-expressions are part of a higher one would be very helpful,
at least to make a difference with logical sequences of statements. This would
also encourage people writing clearer code instead of constructing unlegible
expressions (esp. in C-like languages).
But there is a simple workaround: just use a comment, saying the following
statements construct a super expression.
import std.algorithm, std.array;
T[][2] halves (T) (T[] a) {
// find median index (artificial example, indeed)
auto len = a.length;
auto median = len / 2;
// a logical step: allows not computing 'sorted' twice
auto sorted = array(a.sort());
// get halves slices
auto smalls = sorted[0..median];
auto bigs = sorted[median..sorted.length];
return [smalls,bigs];
}
unittest {
int[] ints = [3,0,4,9,6,5,8,7,1,2];
assert( halves(ints) == [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]] );
}
void main () {}
Denis
(*) typically, ordered because they change program state --but there are other
reasons: see example
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