Hi Bastian,
I cannot contribute anything to the implementation in GNU Radio, but maybe some
experience from other projects (IT++ and private ones):
I basically rely on [1] and give some explanation, which maybe leads to a
solution finding discussion…
Yes, alpha_n should be different for each of the N micro paths, but should be
constant – at least for some certain time – and maybe completely newly after
that time.
But AFAIS alpha_n does not grow with time:
alpha_n = (2*pi*n - pi + theta)/(4*N);
ð n is the index of the micro path.
Jake’s Sum-pf-sinusoids methods works by adding up – as its name says – several
(here N) paths of different sinusoids. And each sinusoid has a different
frequency (corresponds to alpha_n) and phase d_phi/d_psi. I use the term micro
path in order to make clear that it is not a macro path, i.e. a tap of a
frequency-selective channel. With the SOS method macro path (or a flat channel)
consists of N micro paths. BTW, the time variable in the GNU radio code is d_m.
I think [2] can be seen as the reference of the implementation (could you add a
comment to the code?).
Maybe some background information:
The choice of alpha_n (or the distribution, where it is drawn from) basically
determines the shape of the power spectral density. In IT++ for example, the
method of exact Doppler spread (MEDS) [1] is implemented, which is requires the
least number N of coefficients for equal precision (as of the results of
Paetzold’s PhD thesis in 1998). To me it is still not clear, which method is
chosen in GNU Radio.
The general definition of the SOS method for a complex random process Z of
normalized (to sample period, t is the sample time index) maximum Doppler
frequency (Doppler spread) f_D is [nomenclature of IT++, 5, line 304]
Z_re = sum_{n=1}^N c1[n] .* cos(2pi * f1[n] * f_D * t + theta1);
Z_im = sum_{n=1}^N c2[n] .* cos(2pi * f2[n] * f_D * t + theta2);
Where f1/2 corresponds to alpha_n. For MEDS this means:
n = 1:N;
f1 = sin(pi / (2 * N) * (n - 0.5));
c1 = sqrt(1.0 / N) * ones(N);
theta1 = randu(N) * 2 * pi;
n = 1:N + 1;
f2 = sin(pi / (2 * (N + 1)) * (n - 0.5));
c2 = std::sqrt(1.0 / (N + 1)) * ones(N + 1);
theta2 = randu(N + 1) * 2 * pi;
which is not the definition of GNU Radio. But from [1] we know, that N=16
already gets pretty precise results.
In GNU Radio (for n = 1:N) we have [IT++ notation for consistency]
Z_re = sqrt(1.0 / N) * sum_{n=1}^N cos(2pi * cos(alpha_n) * f_D * t + theta1);
Z_im = sqrt(1.0 / N) * sum_{n=1}^N sin(2pi * sin(alpha_n) * f_D * t + theta2);
alpha_n = (2*pi*n - pi + theta)/(4*N);
This is very different from Paetzolds/Jake’s approach and [2] explains their
correspondence. Basically, here they use the Pop-Beaulieu improvement
(reference 8 in [2]), which makes the output process wide-sense stationary.
Paetzold’s method (or Jake’s sum-of-sinoids method in general) does not procude
(wide-)sense stationary (simulated) random processes. [2] adds the possibility
of generating several such processes, which should be uncorrelated for a
uncorrelated scattering frequency-selective fading channel. In general they are
correlated, because the randomness is taken from the very same random number
generator. But with proper choice of the parameters one can achieve
uncorrelated processes. There exist further improvements of the group around
Zheng and Beaulieu [2,3,4], which all correct some second or higher order
statistical properties.
As a conclusion, the GNU Radio should be preferred over the one of IT++,
because of its WSS property.
From my point of view, I cannot see, why the correlation could increase over
time. To make it clear, N sinusoid have to be added up for building one single
time sample of the process.
I cannot go much into your iPython notebook sheet, but maybe there is a
misinterpretation of N?
Cheers,
Stephan
[1] Pätzold: “Mobile Fading Channels”
[2] "Improved Models for the Generation of Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh
Fading Waveforms” by Yahong R. Zheng and Chengshan Xiao,
http://web.mst.edu/~xiaoc/Pub/Zheng_Xiao_CommLett.pdf
[3] http://web.mst.edu/~xiaoc/Pub/Xiao_Zheng_Beaulieu_TWireless.pdf
[4]
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.333.217&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[5] http://itpp.sourceforge.net/4.3.1/channel_8cpp_source.html
Mit freundlichen Grüßen / Best regards
Stephan Ludwig
Communication Technology (CR/AEH4)
Robert Bosch GmbH | Renningen | 70465 Stuttgart | GERMANY |
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Von: [email protected]
[mailto:[email protected]] Im
Auftrag von Bastian Bloessl
Gesendet: Montag, 7. März 2016 01:12
An: [email protected]
Betreff: Re: [Discuss-gnuradio] how does Doppler shift increment in flat fading
channel GNU radio
…looks like this topic isn’t too popular : -)
Anyhow, I wanted to make another attempt as I would really appreciate if
someone could comment on this thread or the threads at [1] or [2].
Unfortunately, I still fail to understand the implementation of the flat fader
and particularly these lines [3]
float s_i = scale_sin*cos(2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*cos(alpha_n)+d_psi[n]);
float s_q = scale_sin*cos(2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*sin(alpha_n)+d_phi[n]);
As far as I see, alpha_n is changing from sample to sample, which produces an
amplified effect over time that changes autocorrelation properties.
(It behaves as if the instantaneous Doppler frequency would have been present
since the start and, thus, produces larger and larger phase shifts between
subsequent samples.)
I tried to show the effect with an iPython notebook
https://www.bastibl.net/rayleigh-autocorrelation/
It would be great if someone could point me to a paper/book with the algorithm
that is implemented here. The only thing I could find is
"Improved Models for the Generation of Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading
Waveforms” by Yahong R. Zheng and Chengshan Xiao
http://web.mst.edu/~xiaoc/Pub/Zheng_Xiao_CommLett.pdf
which proposes the parameter set, but not the random walk through the Doppler
spectrum that seems to be an attempt to make simulations ergodic.
Best,
Bastian
[1] http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/discuss-gnuradio/2016-02/msg00254.html
[2] http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/discuss-gnuradio/2016-02/msg00305.html
[3]
https://github.com/gnuradio/gnuradio/blob/next/gr-channels/lib/flat_fader_impl.cc#L76
On 23 Feb 2016, at 08:35, Bastian Bloessl
<[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote:
On 23 Feb 2016, at 02:35, Kelvin Augustin
<[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote:
Hi Bastian
What I don’t get (and what I asked in the other thread) is why this is
multiplied with d_m. I think that, per sample, the current Doppler Frequency
should be used to calculate an incremental angle to the previous value.
To answer this, I would consider of the correspondence (via a Fourier
Transform) of a Doppler shift in the time domain; A shift in frequency
corresponds to a "time" dependant phase shift in the time domain. Thus a
Doppler shift of Fd in the time domain corresponds to exp(j*2*pi*Fd*t). And
since Dynamic channel model(flat_fader to be precise) in GNURadio models the
Doppler in the time domain, the d_m could be a way to model the time.
Yes, I understand that d_m is like time here, and it would be perfectly fine if
fD would stay constant during the whole simulation.
But as fD changes over time, the phase change from one sample to another (due
to the same change in dopplers shift) will be amplified over time. AFAIS, this
changes the autocorrelation properties over time.
I would have expected something like
tap[n+1] = tap[n] exp(2*pi*i*fD*cos(alpha))
Best,
Bastian
I would also ask a supplementing question that I am having problems
understanding. I would expect the Doppler shift to be modelled by a complex
exponential(cos[2*pi*Fd*t*cos(alpha)] + i sin [2*pi*Fd*t*cos(alpha)]) which
corroborates what we know from the Fourier correspondence of a Doppler shift.
Why then, in the Dynamic channel model in GNURadio (flat_fader to be precise),
the Doppler is modelled by (cos[2*pi*Fd*t*cos(alpha)] + i cos
[2*pi*Fd*t*sin(alpha)]) ?? I.e why is the imaginary part a cos ? Any hints?
On 22 Feb 2016, at 06:41, Nasi <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>>
wrote:
Hello,
The question is about how does the given Doppler shift progress, or how is the
Doppler induced phase shift implemented.
I select a simple frequency selective fading block and feed in it some
gr_complex(1, 0) values. For simplicity I run one fader (num of sinusoids).
in file:
https://github.com/osh/gnuradio.old/blob/master/gr-channels/lib/flat_fader_impl.cc
in the code below,
#elif FASTSINCOS == 2
float s_i =
scale_sin*d_table.cos(2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*d_table.cos(alpha_n)+d_psi[n+1]);
float s_q =
scale_sin*d_table.cos(2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*d_table.sin(alpha_n)+d_phi[n+1]);
#else
d_m shows that the Doppler shift must progress sequencially. However, the
value of "2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*d_table.cos(alpha_n)" as a whole, produces floating
point numbers which results in kind of random values out of d_table.cos()
function in file
https://github.com/osh/gnuradio.old/blob/master/gr-channels/lib/sincostable.h
Some more explanation:
the value: 2*M_PI*d_fDTs*d_m*d_table.cos(alpha_n) gets in as x below (in file
.../lib/sincostable.h)
(((int)(x*d_scale)) + d_sz) % d_sz; - this is a random integer value (may be
not, can you please help me with that?)
therefore it returns a random cos value as: return d_cos[idx];
The issue arises when that floating point values inside cos() function is
converted to integers as given above.
Now, my question is, did you do that random phase shift/Doppler shift on
purpose? If yes, what is the reasoning behind that.
As far as I know, the Doppler shift should be somehow linear progressive.
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