Peyva Kurdîstan li anagorê çavkanîyan di 1150'î de ji alîyê Siltanê Selçûkîyan
Siltan sencer ve hatîye bikaranîn û wek dewletek hatîye îdarekirin.Vê mijarê
çend roj berê ji alÎyê serok Abdullah Ocalan ve jÎ hatibû dÎyarkirin.
Di vê dabaşê de ez lêkolÎnek Îngîlîzî bo xwendevanan pêşkêş dikim. Eger dema
min hebe ez dê bo we wergerînıme Kurdî.
Lê peyva Kurd gelek kevin e. Wek ji alÎyê Xnenophon ve di pirtÛka wîya bi navê
Anabasîs de hatÎye dÎyarkirin navê kurdan ê herî kevin Karduchi ye.
Spas
Wednesday, 13 August 2008, 01:25 EDTWhen did the word Kurdistan appear?
Ferhad Pirbal
By Ferhad Pirbal
The Kurdish GlobeWhen did the word
Kurdistan first appear? How? Why? Which person, group, side, or
political administration used this word first? Did Kurds choose this
word themselves? Or did other nations choose this term for the Kurds?The
word Kurdistan consists of two words: Kurd and Stan. Kurd is a
meaningful (a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has
semantic meaning); Stan, unlike the old days, is a suffix with no
meaning nowadays.
Stan is a Seljuk word that was used in the Seljuks Era (from 995
onward) meaning "State." The word Stan generally means place nowadays.
In the Persian language, the letter S is hardly pronounced at the
beginning of words. When the Persians pronounce a word that begins with
S, they put the A or U sound at the beginning of it. For example, when
they want to say school, they pronounce it as aschool or Ischool. I
believe the word Ustan in the Persian language is the same as Stan. The
Seljuks used this word to nominate the autonomous regions that they
administered.
So, Stan was Ustan for Seljuks, a political-administrative term
that meant State. Clearly, the Persian Ustan means governorate
nowadays. The Persians derived the word Ustandar from the Western
Azerbaijan Stan and Eastern Azerbaijan Stan. Ustandar means governor or
state ruler.
During the 10th and 13th centuries, when the Seljuks separated a
center, nation, or an ethnic group from the others and gave them an
administrative autonomous region, they added the suffix Stan or Ustan.
For example, they used Hindustani, the State of Hindis; Afghanistan,
the State of Afghans; Arab`istan, the State of Arabs.
>From 995 onward, the Seljuk Turks reached eastern Iran and occupied
it. Later, in 1029, they conquered Iranian Kurdistan, and then they
also occupied Mosul in 1056 and Anatolia in 1077. Thus, we can say that
the 11th and 12th centuries were the era of Seljuks in the history of
Kurdistan. They also spread the Seljuk culture in Kurdistan.
Al-Tanukhi, in the 10th century, used the phrase Lisan Al-Akrad
(the language of the Kurds), but he didn't use the word Kurdistan. This
means that before the year 900, the Kurdish language existed and was
recognized by Arabs and other neighbors.
Ibn-Wahshia Al-Nabati (324-346 AH) in the book Shawq Al-Mustaham Fi
Mahrifat Rmuz Al-Aqlam, in 312 AH, says: "In Baghdad city I saw three
volumes of a Kurdish book. Now, I have two volumes of this book; one of
them talks about edification and planting date trees, and the other is
about discovering water in waterless places. I have translated these
volumes of this book into Arabic." In the same way, Ibn-Wahshia didn't
mention the word of Kurdistan. During 950-1050, the book One Thousand
and One Nights talked about Kurds in many places (vol. 1, pp. 609-623;
vol. 2, pp. 242-295). In 957, Maamun Begi Sharazur wrote Memoirs of
Mamun Beg to Sultan Murad III in Turkish. He talked about Kurds in many
places, but didn't mention the word Kurdistan. In 977, Ibn-Huqil, a
Muslim geographer, identified the Kurdish geographical place in one of
his geographical books, The Image of the Earth. Mashati Al-Akrad wa
Masaifhum mentioned the name of Kurds in a geographical book called
Geography of Eastern Nations without using the word Kurdistan.
>From the 9th-14th centuries, many other Muslim scientists and
travelers mentioned the name Kurd. For instance, Al-Tabari (838-923)
talked about Caliphate Marwan that was Kurdish in origin (Kitab Akhbar
Al-Rusul wa Muluk [parts 1 and 3, p. 51]); Al Yaqubi (906); Al-Astakhri
(who died in 951); Al-Massudi (957) gave us some information about
Kurdish tribes in the book Marwaj Al-Dhahab, published in 1965; Aba
Dilf Bin Al-Muhalhal Al-Khazraji in 951 visited Kirmanshan and talked
about the skill of a Kurdish carpenter on the walls of Qasri Shireen
and the life of Kurdish cities; Al-Muqadasi (1048), Ibn Al-Bulkhi
(1106); and others.
During the 10th-11th centuries, all of them talked about Kurdish
people and the word Kurds, but they never mentioned the name Kurdistan.
This is clear evidence that the word Kurdistan did not exist then. No
text, either in the Kurdish language or in Western languages, mentioned
the word Kurdistan until 1150.
Mahmud Al-Ghashqari, a Muslim geographer, was living in the mid
11th century in Kazhghar district. In 1076, he drew a
geographical-political map on Asian countries and ethnic groups, and he
published it in the book Diwan Lughat al-Turk in the Ottoman language.
In this map, he mentioned the name of Kurdish people and the Kurdish
country; the Kurdish state is called the Kurdish Land. This map is
considered the second geographical map to mention the name of Kurdish
people as a nation. But Al-Ghashqari did not mention the word
Kurdistan, and we can conclude that until 1076, Kurdistan as a term had
not become an administrative-political term.
How did the word Kurdistan come into being in 1150?
In 1150, the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar was obliged to separate the
eastern part of Jibal Region (Kuhistan) and establish an autonomous
region for the Kurds because of the Kurdish disagreement and
demonstration against the tax system. Thus, Sultan Sanjar separated the
eastern part of Jibal region and then named it Kurd Ustani, or the
Kurdish State. The cities and towns of this new Ustan were Kirmanshan,
Chamchamal, Kingawar, Dinawar, Alishtar, Bestun, Harsin, Krind, Hilwan,
Sharazur, Sisar, Mahidasht, Sultan, Abad, Bahar, and others.
Later on, Sultan Sanjar asked his nephew, Suleiman Pasha, to manage
this new Ustan during the years 1156-61. After that, his uncle took the
administration of this Ustan and became the Sultan of the Arabic Iraq
and Ajam Iraq. The city of Bahar, eight miles north of Hamadan city,
was the capital city of Kurd Ustan. Later, Sultan Abad, which was close
to Chamchamal and Bestun Mountain, became the capital city of Kurd
Ustani.
>From here, we conclude that Seljuk Sultan Sanjar gave autonomy to
the Kurds of these districts and used the word Kurd Ustani; this term
became an administrative-political term.
Gradually, after that period of time, the word Kurd Ustani, like
Hind Ustani, Afghan Ustani, Arab Ustani, etc., became Hindustan,
Afghanistan, Arabistan, Kurdistan?etc., after many phonetic changes
during post-Seljuk periods.
Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324) was one of the earliest
Western travelers to talk about the State of Kurdistan and describe it.
Forty-one years after Marco Polo, Hamdalla Mistawfi Al-Qazwini (1349)
mentioned the name of this state in the book Nazhat Al-Qlub. After
that, the term Kurdistan was widely used in the area.
What is worth mentioning is that this Seljuk Ustan, like many other
Ustans of Iran, is still seen in the administrative-political map of
the Islamic Republic of Iran. An Ustan under the name Kurdistan still
exists that includes the cities of Sina, Saqiz, and other districts.
What is strange is that nowadays the Iranian people say Kurdistan
Ustan. They don't know that Kurdistan means Kurd Ustan and there is no
need to say Ustan twice, because Stan and Ustan have the same meaning.
http://www.kurdishglobe.net
19th-century scholars, such as George Rawlinson, identified Corduene and
Carduchi with the modern Kurds, considering that Carduchi was the ancient
lexical equivalent of "Kurdistan". [39][40][41] This view is supported by some
recent academic sources which have considered Corduene as proto-Kurdish[9] or
as equivalent to modern-day Kurdistan[42].
There were numerous forms of this name, partly due to the difficulty of
representing kh in Latin. The spelling Karduchoi is itself probably borrowed
from Armenian, since the termination -choi represents the Armenian language
plural suffix -kh.[43] It is speculated that Carduchi spoke an Old Iranic
language[44]
Jewish sources trace origins of people of Corduene to marriage of Jinns of King
Solomon with 500 beautiful Jewish women.[citation needed] The same legend was
also used by the early Islamic authorities to explain origins of Kurds.
(http://www.kurdishglobe.net)
[email protected]
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: {Diwanxane} Re: kürdistan kelimesinin ilk kullanıldığı belge ne
zamandır?
Date: Sat, 12 Sep 2009 21:05:57 +0300
kimse kürdistan sözcüğünün ilk ne zaman kullanıldığını bilmiyor mu ?
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