Learn how to locomotion score dairy cows for lameness. You can locomotion score using a 3, 4, or 5 category scale. All three systems provide pictures, video and verbal descriptions of each category. A numerical and graphic summary of cows scored is provided. This summary may be emailed via pdf.
The picture examples along the right hand side of the screen may be switched between Standing and Walking by touching the Switch Pictures button at the top of the screen. For training purposes these pictures may be replaced with videos by touching the Training Videos button near the bottom of the screen. As you score lame animals the count and percentage will be indicated in the text boxes below the scoring buttons. Normal cows are not scored. If an animal is scored in the wrong category, touch the switch at the bottom to OFF and touch the same score button to subtract. Touch the switch at the bottom of the screen to ON and resume scoring. Summary information is presented when the Summary button is touched. This information can be emailed by pressing the Email icon in the upper right hand corner of the Summary screen. Press Done to return. To clear the scored results, press the Clear Scores button. All scores will be deleted and the app will be ready to start again. Walks without obvious gait asymmetry or weight transfer between limbs and cannot discern which leg is lame after a few strides. Steps may be slightly uneven and may have a flat or subtle arch to the back.1Walks with even weight bearing and rhythm on all four feet, with a flat back. Long fluid strides possible.1Stands and walks normally with a level back. Makes long confident strides.2Steps uneven or strides shortened, but affected limb or limbs not immediately identifiable.2Stands with flat back, but arches when walk. Gait is slightly abnormal.2Asymmetric gait with obvious weight transfer and shortening of the stride of the affected limb altering cadence of movement. May also show a head bob, back arch and joint stiffness leading to abduction of the limb.3Uneven weight bearing on a limb is immediately identifiable and/or obviously shortened strides (usually with an arch to the center of the back).3Stands and walks with an arched back and short strides with one or more legs. Slight sinking of the dew-claws in limb opposite to the affected limb may be evident.3Able to walk only with difficulty, almost unable to bear weight on the affected limb. Pronounced back arch with rear limb lameness. These animals are frequently in poor body condition and in obvious pain.4Unable to walk as fast as a brisk human pace coupled with uneven weight bearing and shortened stride, with a back arch.4Arched back standing and walking. Favoring one or more limbs but can still bear some weight on them. Sinking of the dew-claws is evident in the limb opposite to the affected limb.5Pronounced arching of the back. Reluctance to move, with almost complete weight transfer off the affected limb. In ethology, *animal locomotion* is any of a variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to another.[1] Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, hopping, soaring and gliding. There are also many animal species that depend on their environment for transportation, a type of mobility called passive locomotion, e.g., sailing (some jellyfish), kiting (spiders), rolling (some beetles and spiders) or riding other animals (phoresis). Animals move for a variety of reasons, such as to find food, a mate, a suitable microhabitat, or to escape predators. For many animals, the ability to move is essential for survival and, as a result, natural selection has shaped the locomotion methods and mechanisms used by moving organisms. For example, migratory animals that travel vast distances (such as the Arctic tern) typically have a locomotion mechanism that costs very little energy per unit distance, whereas non-migratory animals that must frequently move quickly to escape predators are likely to have energetically costly, but very fast, locomotion. The anatomical structures that animals use for movement, including cilia, legs, wings, arms, fins, or tails are sometimes referred to as *locomotory organs*[2] or *locomotory structures*.[3] In water, staying afloat is possible using buoyancy. If an animal's body is less dense than water, it can stay afloat. This requires little energy to maintain a vertical position, but requires more energy for locomotion in the horizontal plane compared to less buoyant animals. The drag encountered in water is much greater than in air. Morphology is therefore important for efficient locomotion, which is in most cases essential for basic functions such as catching prey. A fusiform, torpedo-like body form is seen in many aquatic animals,[5][6] though the mechanisms they use for locomotion are diverse. The primary means by which fish generate thrust is by oscillating the body from side-to-side, the resulting wave motion ending at a large tail fin. Finer control, such as for slow movements, is often achieved with thrust from pectoral fins (or front limbs in marine mammals). Some fish, e.g. the spotted ratfish (*Hydrolagus colliei*) and batiform fish (electric rays, sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and stingrays) use their pectoral fins as the primary means of locomotion, sometimes termed labriform swimming. Marine mammals oscillate their body in an up-and-down (dorso-ventral) direction.Other animals, e.g. penguins, diving ducks, move underwater in a manner which has been termed "aquatic flying".[7] Some fish propel themselves without a wave motion of the body, as in the slow-moving seahorses and *Gymnotus*.[8] Other animals, such as cephalopods, use jet propulsion to travel fast, taking in water then squirting it back out in an explosive burst.[9] Other swimming animals may rely predominantly on their limbs, much as humans do when swimming. Though life on land originated from the seas, terrestrial animals have returned to an aquatic lifestyle on several occasions, such as the fully aquatic cetaceans, now very distinct from their terrestrial ancestors. Benthic locomotion is movement by animals that live on, in, or near the bottom of aquatic environments. In the sea, many animals walk over the seabed. Echinoderms primarily use their tube feet to move about. The tube feet typically have a tip shaped like a suction pad that can create a vacuum through contraction of muscles. This, along with some stickiness from the secretion of mucus, provides adhesion. Waves of tube feet contractions and relaxations move along the adherent surface and the animal moves slowly along.[11] Some sea urchins also use their spines for benthic locomotion.[12] Crabs typically walk sideways[13] (a behaviour that gives us the word *crabwise*). This is because of the articulation of the legs, which makes a sidelong gait more efficient.[14] However, some crabs walk forwards or backwards, including raninids,[15] *Libinia emarginata*[16] and *Mictyris platycheles*.[13] Some crabs, notably the Portunidae and Matutidae, are also capable of swimming,[17] the Portunidae especially so as their last pair of walking legs are flattened into swimming paddles.[18] A stomatopod, *Nannosquilla decemspinosa*, can escape by rolling itself into a self-propelled wheel and somersault backwards at a speed of 72 rpm. They can travel more than 2 m using this unusual method of locomotion.[19] *Velella*, the by-the-wind sailor, is a cnidarian with no means of propulsion other than sailing. A small rigid sail projects into the air and catches the wind. *Velella* sails always align along the direction of the wind where the sail may act as an aerofoil, so that the animals tend to sail downwind at a small angle to the wind.[20] While larger animals such as ducks can move on water by floating, some small animals move across it without breaking through the surface. This surface locomotion takes advantage of the surface tension of water. Animals that move in such a way include the water strider. Water striders have legs that are hydrophobic, preventing them from interfering with the structure of water.[21] Another form of locomotion (in which the surface layer is broken) is used by the basilisk lizard.[22] Gravity is the primary obstacle to flight. Because it is impossible for any organism to have a density as low as that of air, flying animals must generate enough lift to ascend and remain airborne. One way to achieve this is with wings, which when moved through the air generate an upward lift force on the animal's body. Flying animals must be very light to achieve flight, the largest living flying animals being birds of around 20 kilograms.[23] Other structural adaptations of flying animals include reduced and redistributed body weight, fusiform shape and powerful flight muscles;[24] there may also be physiological adaptations.[25] Active flight has independently evolved at least four times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Insects were the first taxon to evolve flight, approximately 400 million years ago (mya),[26] followed by pterosaurs approximately 220 mya,[27] birds approximately 160 mya,[28] then bats about 60 mya.[29][*better source needed*] Rather than active flight, some (semi-) arboreal animals reduce their rate of falling by gliding. Gliding is heavier-than-air flight without the use of thrust; the term "volplaning" also refers to this mode of flight in animals.[30] This mode of flight involves flying a greater distance horizontally than vertically and therefore can be distinguished from a simple descent like a parachute. Gliding has evolved on more occasions than active flight. There are examples of gliding animals in several major taxonomic classes such as the invertebrates (e.g., gliding ants), reptiles (e.g., banded flying snake), amphibians (e.g., flying frog), mammals (e.g., sugar glider, squirrel glider). -- https://github.com/django-oscar/django-oscar http://django-oscar.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "django-oscar" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to django-oscar+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. 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