Hi Sam,

> When starting up my Arch system and trying to login with my username,
> sam, I'm apparently entering the wrong password.  I have to login to
> the root account and 'passwd sam' to be able to continue.

So you set sam's password to `foo' and then you can log out of root and
log in as sam/foo OK?

> If I try to use sudo once logged in the password for sam that I just
>reset is rejected.  To make sudo work I have to login to root, again,

This time whilst still logged in as sam, e.g. using su(1) to switch-user
to root?

> and 'passwd sam'.

Examine the text files /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow.  Look for duplicate
`sam' lines, especially in shadow(5), so it's possible you've two
passwords at once?

Try going for a simple test password if your normal choices have
control-characters or other unusual stuff that might be unacceptable to
one of the commands and not the other.

You can also run login(1) directly, `login sam', during testing.  That's
what getty(8) kicks off after you've entered a username.

Cheers, Ralph.

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