Josie Palermo, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
>From [EMAIL PROTECTED] Thu Jul 13 19:07:03 1995
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 1995 21:10:36 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ronnie Hawkins <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Wolf Reintroduction
In-Reply-To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
On Thu, 13 Jul 1995, Palamar Colette wrote:
> I really enjoy hearing what you all have to say regarding wolf
> reintroduction. I agree with both Ronnie and Karla, although their views
> seem somewhat contradictory. My most essential difficulty with the wolf
> reintroduction is the fact that they were forcably removed from their
> homes, their lives and packs disrupted. It is an extension of the logic
> of domination.
This is a very interesting issue to me, and I find myself agreeing with
Toshihide's earlier distinction between the overall goal and the procedure
employed to carry it out. I've also been reading some feminist critiques
of science and am trying to think about the many masculinist biases that
may be incorporated in "science" as it is generally taken for granted by
both men and women. Yes, while conservation biology has come a long way
from the "wildlife management" that manipulates ecosystems just for the
purpose of producing a "surplus" of deer for men to hunt, sometimes
procedures are highly manipulative and "subjective" effects for nonhumans
may be overlooked--though to the extent that, e.g., pack relations would
seem to be important to the success of this project I would think some of
these factors would have to be considered (though I don't know the
specifics here). I do know that, in the many lengthy discussions that
have taken place regarding the Florida panther population, routinely
capturing animals (most are radiocollared--capture is kind of "routine"
already) and transferring certain individuals from one subpopulation to
another (assuming several subpopulations can be reestablished) based on
what seems to be genetically indicated to minimize inbreeding has been
considered.
> I realize that natural wolf
> recolonization may take a long time, but then why hurry? What is really
> the goal of reintroduction? If the ecosystem is about to collapse due to
> the absence of wolves, then I can understand. However, I don't believe
> that is the case.
There can be problems when a top predator is removed from an ecosystem,
but the wolves have been gone for a good while. I agree--I don't think the
issue is that the ecosystem is about to collapse (if this is our worry,
does this mean our concern is really grounded in human interests in
keeping ecosystems functional, for our sake? This isn'y my primary
concern, at any rate, though I do believe our human interests are surely
convergent in the long term with those of nonhumans), but some
populations and even entire species of nonhumans may well be headed for
"collapse"--extinction--within the next few decades if not sooner, so
there is a reason to "hurry" in regard to some things.
> This evident change in perception of wolves is in itself interesting to
> ecofeminism because it suggests that humans are beginning to bridge the
> gap between the nature/culture dualism...for humans to accept the animal
> understanding that culture and nature are not mutually exclusive...)
I sure hope so.
But
> if the concern motivating the reintroduction is truly for the wolves, it
> seems that the best thing to do would be to (as Karla has suggested)
> create and maintain corridors for wolf travel through the forests of
> Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, as well as through the human cultures that
> surround these wild areas.
>
Yes--I agree (though the corridor idea is somewhat controversial within
conservation biology). I think perhaps one reason the "hands on,"
airlift-breeding-individuals-from-one-population-to-another idea has been
popular, and captive breeding has been emphasized (for the panther), is
that such manipulative efforts fit within the masculinist paradigm much
more easily than the idea of setting *limits* on human society, let alone
*giving back* some of the land we've already taken over, which would need
to be done if we're really serious about bringing back some of the large
mammals into their former ranges. Fish and Game folks may be well-meaning
(at times) but they seem to have a really hard time even conceiving of
the kinds of restructuring what our culture takes for "reality" so as to
*really* undo the ongoing domination of nonhumans.
> Ecological feminists may also
> support wolf reintroduction on the grounds that it is correcting for past
> wrongs, and that this last bit of suffering will lead to the greatest
> good for all the remaining wolves...
The issue of individual suffering versus species survival is a difficult
one for me. If it's a forced choice (meaning we humans have pushed
things so far to the brink that drastic measures are necessary to prevent
extinction), I have to go with species survival, since I really do see
the domination of nonhumans as very much the same as the domination of
some human groups by others, with species extinction being the same scale
of wrong as genocide. But, I think the total disregard of individual
nonhuman suffering that is often adopted by biologists (in the name of a
disinterested, masculinist "science"?--even as our science of evolutionary
biology points out the very great similarities between us and the other
mammals, vertebrates, etc!) is completely unjustifiable.
...does the fact that ecofeminism is a
> contextualist ethic interfere with this reasoning?
A very good question, and something that has seemed problematic to me
about ecofeminism so far. Does its "contextualism" preclude looking at
the larger-scale issues? I don't see why it necessarily should--the large
scale (evolutionary time, longer "historical" time; landscape, even
continental space; groups of different kinds of organisms, including humans)
is as much a part of the overall context as the medium-sized and smaller
scales (very *recent* human-only "history"; human-only groupings;
individual human interactions in time and space). At least I think it
could be worked out, and I think these are elements to add to the
contextualizing process.
> It may very well be that correcting or at
> least atoning for past wrongs to wolves by welcoming them back into a
> very small fraction of their past territory far overshadows the problems
> inherant in reintroduction.
Why "a very small fraction"? I guess I agree with Naess on this--we've
got to start where we are with what we can do, but we can continue to
think about the *really* long term, say 1000 years, when there may be
much fewer of us humans leading much more modest lives, and many more
nonhumans sharing the planet with us.
But on the other hand, the reintroduction may
> just be reinforcing the way of thinking that the logic of domination is
> pointing to as inappropriate.
To me, what's most inappropriate, and most dominating, is to assume that
the kind of society we have right now is just going to go on and on
expanding . . . not only would this threaten the existence of a multitude
of nonhumans, it is also impossible for us to sustain forever (or even
much longer), and since it has to come to an end sometime, why not begin
converting over to something else now while there are other forms of life
to save in addition to our own?
> Obviously, I guess, I am pretty confused about the whol issue...
Not at all. I very much appreciate your views on this issue. I'd love to
see an ecofeminist position take shape.
Ronnie
Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>From [EMAIL PROTECTED] Thu Jul 13 19:12:07 1995
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 1995 21:16:08 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ronnie Hawkins <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Congressional addresses (fwd)
In response to Jackie's inquiry, here is a listing that might be useful.
Ronnie
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Subj: Congressional e-mail/web site addresses
PLEASE SEND THIS EVERYWHERE!!!!
6-7-95
CONGRESSIONAL E-MAIL ADDRESSES
AND WEB SITES
104th Congress
1995/96
Note: Web sites appear after the complete list of Senate
and House E-Mail addresses
United States Senate
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ST PT Name E-Mail Address
----------------------------------------------------------------------
AZ R Kyl, Jon [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA D Boxer, Barbara [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CO D Brown, Hank [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CT D Dodd, Christopher [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CT D Lieberman, Joseph [EMAIL PROTECTED]
GA R Coverdell, Paul [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IA D Harkin, Tom [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IA R Grassley, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
ID R Craig, Larry [EMAIL PROTECTED]
ID R Kempthorne, Dirk [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL D Simon, Paul [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL D Moseley-Braun,Carol [EMAIL PROTECTED]
KY D Ford, Wendell [EMAIL PROTECTED]
LA D Breaux, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
LA D Johnston, J.Bennett [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MA D Kennedy, Ted [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN R Grams, Rod [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN D Wellstone, Paul [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MT D Baucus, Max [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MT R Burns, Conrad [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NE D Kerrey, Bob [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NH R Gregg, Judd [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NH R Smith, Bob [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NM D Bingaman, Jeff [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NM R Domenici, Pete [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OH R Dewine, Michael [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OK R Nickles, Don [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RI R Chafee, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
SC D Hollings, Ernest [EMAIL PROTECTED]
SD D Daschle, Thomas [EMAIL PROTECTED]
SD R Pressler, Larry [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TN R Frist, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX R Hutchison, Kay [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VA D Robb, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
VA R Warner, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VT D Leahy, Patrick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
VT R Jeffords, Jim [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WA R Gorton, Slade [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WI D Feingold, Russell [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WV D Rockefeller, Jay [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Senate Gopher: gopher://ftp.senate.gov:70/
Senate Committees:
Aging
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
____________________________________________________________________
United States House of Representatives
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ST DS PT Name E-Mail Address
----------------------------------------------------------------------
AL 2 R Everett, Terry [EMAIL PROTECTED]
AL 5 D Cramer, Bud [EMAIL PROTECTED]
AL 6 R Bachus, Spencer [EMAIL PROTECTED]
AR 4 R Dickey, Jay [EMAIL PROTECTED]
AZ 2 D Pastor, Ed [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 3 D Fazio, Vic [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 6 D Woolsey, Lynn [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 7 D Miller, George [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 8 D Pelosi, Nancy [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 12 D Lantos, Tom [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 13 D Stark, Pete [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 14 D Eshoo, Anna [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 15 D Mineta, Norman [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 16 D Lofgren, Zoe [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 17 D Farr, Sam [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 19 R Radanovich, George [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 22 R Seastrand, Andrea [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 25 R McKeon, Howard [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 36 D Harman, Jane [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 37 D Tucker, Walter [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 42 S Brown, George E. [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CA 48 R Packard, Ron [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CO 2 D Skaggs, David [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CO 6 R Schaefer, Dan [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CT 2 D Gejdenson, Sam [EMAIL PROTECTED]
CT 4 R Shays, Christopher [EMAIL PROTECTED]
DE AL R Castle, Michael [EMAIL PROTECTED]
FL 5 D Thurman, Karen [EMAIL PROTECTED]
FL 6 R Stearns, Cliff [EMAIL PROTECTED]
FL 12 R Canady, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
FL 20 D Deutsch, Peter [EMAIL PROTECTED]
FL 23 D Hastings, Alcee [EMAIL PROTECTED]
GA 4 R Linder, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
GA 6 R Gingrich, Newton [EMAIL PROTECTED]
GA 8 R Chambliss, Saxby [EMAIL PROTECTED]
GA 10 R Norwood, Charlies [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL 1 D Rush, Bobby [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL 4 D Gutierrez, Luis [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL 13 R Fawell, Harris [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL 14 R Hastert, Dennis [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IL 20 D Durbin, Richard [EMAIL PROTECTED]
IN 8 R Hostettler, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
KS 1 R Roberts, Pat [EMAIL PROTECTED]
KY 1 R Whitfield, Ed [EMAIL PROTECTED]
KY 3 D Ward, Mike [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MA 6 R Torkildsen, Peter [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MA 9 D Moakley, Joe [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MD 3 D Cardin, Ben [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 2 R Hoekstra, Peter [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 3 R Ehlers, Vernon [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 4 R Camp, Dave [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 7 R Smith, Nick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 8 R Chrysler, Dick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 13 D Rivers, Lynn [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MI 14 D Conyers, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 1 R Gutknect, Gil [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 2 D Minge, David [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 3 R Ramstad, Jim [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 4 D Vento, Bruce [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 6 D Luther, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 7 D Peterson, Collin [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MN 8 D Oberstar, James [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MO 2 R Talent, James [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MO 3 D Gephardt, Richard [EMAIL PROTECTED]
MO 8 R Emerson, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 2 R Funderburk, David [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 4 R Heineman, Frederick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 5 R Burr, Richard [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 7 D Rose, Charlie [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 9 R Myrick, Sue [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 11 R Taylor, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NC 12 D Watt, Mel [EMAIL PROTECTED]
ND AL D Pomeroy, Earl [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NH 1 R Zeliff, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NJ 7 R Franks, Bob [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NJ 12 R Zimmer, Dick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 1 R Forbes, Michael [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 2 R Lazio, Rick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 7 D Manton, Thomas [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 15 D Rangel, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 16 D Serrano, Jose [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 17 D Engel, Eliot [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 23 R Boehlert, Sherwood [EMAIL PROTECTED]
NY 27 R Paxon, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OH 2 R Portman, Rob [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OH 10 R Hoke, Martin [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OK 5 R Istook, Jr. Ernest [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OR 1 D Furse, Elizabeth [EMAIL PROTECTED]
OR 4 D DeFazio, Pete [EMAIL PROTECTED]
PA 12 D Murtha, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
PA 13 R Fox, Jon [EMAIL PROTECTED]
PA 15 D McHale, Paul [EMAIL PROTECTED]
PA 16 R Walker, Robert [EMAIL PROTECTED]
SC 5 D Spratt, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX 2 D Wilson, Charles [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX 3 R Johnson, Sam [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX 6 R Barton, Joe [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX 10 D Doggett, Lloyd [EMAIL PROTECTED]
TX 29 D Green, Gene [EMAIL PROTECTED]
UT 2 R Waldholtz, Enid [EMAIL PROTECTED]
UT 3 D Orton, Bill [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VA 2 D Pickett, Owen [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VA 6 R Goodlatte, Bob [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VA 9 D Boucher, Rick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
VT AL I Sanders, Bernie [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WA 1 R White, Rick [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WA 3 R Smith, Linda [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WA 8 R Dunn, Jennifer [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WA 9 R Tate, Randy [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WI 1 R Neumann, Mark [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WI 2 R Klug, Scott [EMAIL PROTECTED]
WI 8 R Roth, Toby [EMAIL PROTECTED]
House Gopher: gopher://gopher:house.gov:70/1
House Web Site: http://www.house.gov/
House Democratic Caucus: http://www.house.gov/demcaucus/welcome.html
House Democratic Leadership: http://www.house.gov/democrats/
House Republican Conference: http://www.house.gov/gop/HRCHome.html
House Committees:
Commerce
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Economic and Educational Opportunities
Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Resources
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Science
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Small Business
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
____________________________________________________________________
United States Senate Web Sites
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ST PT Name
Web Site
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CA D Boxer, Barbara
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/ca/boxer/general/homepage.html
CT D Lieberman, Joseph
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/ct/lieberman/general/
lieberman.html
IA D Harkin, Tom
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/ia/harkin/general/harkin.html
LA D Breaux, John
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/la/breaux/general/breaux.html
MA D Kennedy, Ted
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/Kennedy/homepage.html
MT D Baucus, Max
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/mt/baucus/general/b2.html
NE D Kerrey, Bob
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/ne/kerrey/general/kerrey.html
NM D Bingaman, Jeff
ftp://ftp:senate.gov/member/nm/bingaman/general/jb.html
SD D Daschle, Thomas
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/sd/daschle/general/daschle.html
TN R Frist, Bill
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/tn/frist/general/frist.html
http://www.surgery.mc.vanderbilt.edu/frist/frist.html
VA D Robb, Charles
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/va/robb/general/robb.html
VA R Warner, John
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/va/warner/general/warner.html
VT D Leahy, Patrick
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/vt/leahy/general/pjl.html
WV D Rockefeller, Jay
ftp://ftp.senate.gov/member/wv/rockefeller/general/
rockefeller.html
Senate Democratic Policy Committee:
ftp://www.senate.gov/committee/Dem-Policy/general/dpc.html
Senate Republican Policy Committee: ftp://www.senate.gov/committee/
repub-policy/general/rpc.html
____________________________________________________________________
United States House of Representatives
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ST DS PT Name
Web Site
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CA 9 D Dellums, Ron
http://www.house.gov/dellums/welcome.html
CA 37 D Tucker, Walter
http://www.house.gov/tucker/welcome.html
IL 1 D Rush, Bobby
http://www.house.gov/rush/welcome.html
IN 8 R Hostettler, John [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http//www.house.gov/hostettler/welcome.html
MI 14 D Conyers, John
http://www.house.gov/conyers/welcome.html
MO 8 R Emerson, Bill
http://www.house.gov/emerson/welcome.html
OR 4 D DeFazio, Pete
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~pdefazio/index.html
House Web Site: http://www.house.gov/
House Democratic Caucus: http://www.house.gov/demcaucus/welcome.html
House Democratic Leadership: http://www.house.gov/democrats/
House Republican Conference: http://www.house.gov/gop/HRCHome.html
____________________________________________________________________
Congressional Black Caucus: http://drum.ncsc.org/~carter/CBC.html
______________________________________________________________________
The above information was compiled from the Senate and House Gophers
as well as contributions from individual citizens. It is updated on a
continuous basis. The most current version is available on the
University of Michigan Library Gopher. Gopher to the University of
Michigan Library Gopher or telnet to una.hh.lib.umich.edu Login as
gopher. Path: Social Sciences/Government/U.S. Government: Legislative
Branch/E-Mail Addresses. Access is also provided through the
Documents Center's web site: http://www.lib.umich.edu/libhome/
Documents.center/govweb.html
Corrections/additions to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mark Sutton, Consultant
Office of the United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
300 D Street, S.W., Suite 840 * Washington, DC 20024
(o): (202) 651-8249 * (f): (202) 554-6858/6715
[EMAIL PROTECTED] * http://www.usgcrp.gov
------------------------------------------------------------------------
================== RFC 822 Headers ==================
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 11:44:19 -0400
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
From: Mark Sutton <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Congressional e-mail/web site addresses
