FYI...
Stefanie Rixecker
ECOFEM Coordinator
------- Forwarded message follows -------
CALENDAR
21-22 Sept 2000 World/European Car Free Day
<www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday>
**** 1-17 Oct 2000 World March of Women - worldwide marches, rallies
and other actions against poverty and violence toward women. (Main
march in Washington DC, but also Brazil et al)
<www.worldmarch.org/>; <www.ffq.qc.ca/marche2000/en/>
2 Oct 2000 World Habitat Day
5-7 Oct 2000 The Natural Step Fifth Annual Conference 'Why Meet
Human Needs Globally?' Carter Center, Atlanta, US. e-mail Nicole
Whiting <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
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CLIP From IGFR #113
GENDER EQUITY
World literacy rates
1980 1998
women 54% 68%
men 72% 82%
Gender Inequity 1998:
Key to table below:
female literacy as % of all women 1998 [1]
male literacy as % of all men 1998 [2]
GNP (PPP) purchasing power parity 1998 national average [3]
%GE$ percentage of total income going to women 1998
fert rate fertility rate 1998, av number of children per woman
(2.1 implies replacement level) [4]
C% % women using contraception [5]
female male GNP %GE$ fert rate C%
literacy literacy (PPP)
Angola ? ? 999 6.2 8 ('95)
Botswana 78 73 5796 4.0 33 ('88)
Eritrea 38 66 984 6.0 8 ('95)
Kenya 73 88 964 42 4.1 33 ('93)
Madagascar 58 72 741 38 5.8 17 ('92)
Niger 7 22 729 7.3 4 ('92)
Nigeria 53 70 740 30 6.1 6 ('90)
South Africa 84 85 8296 3.2 50 ('88)
Tanzania 83 64 483 47 5.5 18 ('96)
Algeria 54 77 4595 3.4 51 ('92)
Egypt 42 66 3146 25 3.4 48 ('95)
Iran 67 82 5121 4.3 65 ('92)
Iraq 43 64 3197 13 6.1 14 ('89)
Jordan 83 94 2615 4.8 35 ('90)
Morocco 34 60 3188 3.4 50 ('95)
Qatar 82 80 20987 10 3.5 32 ('87)
Saudi Arabia 64 83 10498 10 6.4 ?
Syria 58 87 2702 5.6 40 ('93)
Turkey 75 93 6594 36 2.5 63 ('93)
UAE 77 73 18871 3.6 28 ('95)
Cambodia 20 57 1246 45 5.8 13 ('95)
China 75 91 3051 38 1.8 77 ('92)
Indonesia 81 91 2407 33 2.6 55 ('94)
Myanmar 79 89 1199 42 2.4 17 ('91)
Philippines 95 95 3725 3.5 48 ('96)
Thailand 93 97 5524 1.8 87 ('66)
Vietnam 91 95 1689 42 2.3 65 ('94)
female male GNP* %GE$ fert rate C%
literacy literacy (PPP)
India 44 76 2060 26 3.2 41('93)
Nepal 22 57 1181 4.9 29 ('96)
Pakistan 29 58 1652 21 4.9 12 ('91)
Sri Lanka 88 94 2945 2.1 62 ('87)
Belize 93 93 4566 19 3.9 47 ('91)
Bolivia 78 91 2205 4.1 45 ('94)
Brazil 85 85 6460 29 2.3 76 ('96)
Guatemala 60 75 3474 4.8 31 ('95)
Jamaica 90 82 3344 2.3 62 ('93)
Mexico 89 93 7450 2.9 53 ('87)
Nicaragua 69 66 1896 4.3 49 ('93)
Peru 84 94 4180 3.3 64 ('96)
Uruguay 98 97 8541 34 2.3 84 ('95)
Russia 99 100 6460 41 1.3 67 ('94)
Germany 100 100 22026 35 1.3 75 ('92)
Ireland 100 100 17991 27 1.8 60 ('73)
Luxembourg 100 100 33505 29 1.6 ?
Sweden 100 100 19848 45 1.8 78 ('81)
Switzerland 100 100 26876 33 1.5 82 ('95)
US 100 100 29240 40 2.1 70 ('90)
East Asia/Pacific 78 91 3280
Lat Am/Carib 87 89 6340
Middle East/
Nth Africa 52 74 4630
South Asia 41 65 1940
Sub Sah. Africa 51 68 1440
Notes:
- women have higher literacy rates than men in UAR, Qatar, Uruguay,
Jamaica and Nicaragua - (exceptions to the rule).
- Nicaragua, Bolivia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Jordan have relatively
high literacy for both sexes despite low income
- high literacy gender gap in India
- higher literacy for women in Sub-Saharan Africa than South Asia
despite lower income.
- similar literacy rates for women in Middle East/Nth Africa
compared to Sub Saharan Africa despite over 300% difference in
income.
In 29 out of 174 countries women earn 40% or more of the income.
Former Eastern Bloc 10
Africa 9
OECD 7
SE Asia 3
Sub Sahara African countries rate highly in terms of income gender
equity (GE).
Latin America does not rate well in terms of income GE (mostly 20-
30), and Moslem countries are even worse (mostly 10-20) with the
notable exceptions of Turkey, Indonesia and Malaysia.
Madagascar has reasonably high levels of literacy GE, and high levels
of income GE, while Belize and Latin America generally have high
levels of literacy GE but low levels of income GE. Cambodia has low
literacy GE, but high levels of income GE.
Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany
have low income GE, even by both OECD and African standards.
It is interesting that even though Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest
fertility rate, it also has the highest level of female participation in the
labour force, though this has much to do with the fact that agriculture
and cottage industry are still the main forms of employment in these
countries.
Women's participation in the workforce (not shown here) has dropped
slightly in former Eastern Bloc countries, but these countries still
outrank OECD countries.
Though there is some correlation between standard of living
(GNP/cap PPP) and literacy, literacy GE, fertility rate and use of
contraceptives, there is enough disparity to show that policy has a very
important role, and there is much potential to improve targeted policy.
Economic growth provides increased government revenue to pay for
literacy programs, better education, reproductive health services, and
also provides job opportunities for women. However, laissez-faire,
gross economic growth strategy is not enough, and much more can be
done with the current limited resources of each country.
Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) from developed countries
needs to be doubled at least, and a greater percentage targeted to
women. Foreign (private) Direct Investment could be applied in such
a way as to improve the condition of women (affirmative action,
promotion opportunities for women, childcare services, health/sex
clinic, flexible working hours, courses etc). The track record of
transnational corporations should be monitored in this respect.
Concerning income GE, there is even less correlation with standard of
living (GNP/cap PPP). Though many different cultural factors are
likely to be at work, the role of policy seems critical.
There is a reasonably strong correlation between fertility rates and
standard of living. However exceptions such as Vietnam, China, Sri
Lanka, Jamaica and Indonesia demonstrate that it is not necessary to
wait until developing countries attain mid to high levels of income
before significantly reducing population growth.
Goals could include a maximum 5 percentage points difference in
literacy rates between women and men, and a minimum of 40% of
total income going to women.
(Issues relating to women and population continue in Global Futures
Bulletin #114)
*
[1] World Development Indicators 2000, World Bank 2000
<www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2000/>
[2] World Development Indicators 2000, op cit
[3] Human Development Report 2000, UNDP 2000
<www.undp.org/hdro>
[4] World Population Profile: 1998 US Agency for International
Development (USAID) pp A39-A43
<www.census.gov/ipc/prod/wp98/wp98.pdf>
[5] World Population Profile op cit pp A54-A66
*
{7. emancipation of women; 1. development issues, theory and
paradigms}
*
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Dr. Stefanie S. Rixecker, Senior Lecturer
Environmental Management & Design Division
Lincoln University, Canterbury
PO Box 84
Aotearoa New Zealand
E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Fax: 64-03-325-3841
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