> Do you have any ideas about how we could improve the handling of utf-8 > without sacrificing the speed of the preview system?
I'm afraid this is beyond my understanding. We'd have to approach David Carlisle or others with the problem and work on improving mylatexformat, or help develop a new intermediate format for speeding up lualatex compilation. Since it affects many organizations -- including Overleaf, apparently -- perhaps someone is working on it already. For org-latex-preview, one of the other things we tried was to keep all utf-8 font-related settings out of the header that is precompiled. If we manage this precompilation can work (somewhat unreliably) with lualatex, and previews are a bit faster. But doing this via string matching is difficult and fragile. And even with precompilation, lualatex has a slow startup time, and we are some distance away from < 1 sec preview updates. Karthik