IEC 950 and its clones require basic insulation between earthed or unearthed
secondary hazardous voltage circuits and earthed conductive parts (Clause
2.2.6 and Table 0.1). Can someone please explain why basic rather than
operational insulation is required?

Let's take a simple example.  Assume a hazardous secondary winding with a
bridge rectifier, filter capacitor and a load resistor where the negative
side of the supply is earthed.  Note that the positive side of the circuit
must have basic insulation to earth, but the capacitor and resistor are
bridging the insulation. Fault testing requires us to short the capacitor or
resistor to ensure no hazards exist. And, indeed, no electrical shock hazard
will exist even if the mains earthing connection is open. So why isn't
operational insulation sufficient in this example?

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