Dear Working Group Members,
You have sent many suggestions for resources to the Working Group. We have
compiled them here for the period 1-7 July 2002. We hope these resources will
be useful in your efforts to end violence against women.
Thanks again for all your messages!
Warm regards,
the Moderators
******************
RESOURCES SUBMITTED TO
THE END-VIOLENCE WORKING GROUP
1 - 7 JULY 2002
Contents
A. ARTICLES/NEWS
1. Sins of the peacekeepers (Sunday Herald)
B. CAMPAIGNS
2. Khatami's advisor on women's affairs defends inhuman punishment of
stoning, calls it necessary for "protection of family dignity"/
La Conseillère de Khatami pour les affaires féminines prend la
défense du châtiment inhumain de la lapidation qu'elle déclare
nécessaire à "la protection de la dignité de la famille
3. CEDAW Briefing (Washington DC, 15 July 2002)
C. URGENT ALERT
4. Nigeria: Amina Lawal's hearing ajourned until next month
D. PUBLICATIONS
5. First Issue of Women's Human Rights Network's monthly electronic news
bulletin
************************************************************
A. ARTICLES/NEWS
1. Sins of the peacekeepers
http://www.sundayherald.com/25914
Sins of the peacekeepers
July 1, 2002
UN forces are supposed to help rebuild war-ravaged communities. But, as
Magin McKenna reports, these workers are also pouring money into a
flourishing trade in illegal brothels, rape and trafficking in women
They came from the conflicted patches of eastern Europe -- the Ukraine,
Romania, Yugoslavia and Moldova. Young, some barely scraping past their
teens, they trickled down to Bosnia following promises of jobs as
waitresses, barmaids and hotel workers.
In Bosnia, the women saw their dreams dissolve. They found themselves
working as prostitutes in underground, mafia-owned brothels. Some were
raped, some abused. Most lived destitute, sold into a sexual slavery
that two lawsuits and one high- ranking United Nations official allege
were set up largely to meet the demands of the international
peacekeepers, UN and government-sanctioned workers sent to build
stability in a nation saddled with civil unrest.
To British attorney Madeleine Rees, head of the UN Office for Human
Rights in Bosnia, the picture is clear. 'There is absolutely no dispute
that the sex traffic market came with the arrival of the peacekeepers.
In Bosnia, NGOs [non-governmental organisations] for women brought it to
my attention. There was a lot of giggling when all the UN vehicles were
parked outside brothels,' she says.
Rees's words point at a terrible irony increasingly troubling the
international community: that those who enter desperate nations in the
name of peace can bring misery and abuse in their wake.
On Tuesday and Wednesday Rees testified in the Southampton employment
tribunal of former UN human rights investigator Kathryn Bolkovac, an
American who is suing DynCorp Aerospace, the British subsidiary of
US-based DynCorp.
Bolkovac claims that the Virginia-based company, which hires US officers
to serve in UN missions around the world, fired her in April 2001
because she consistently reported allegations that UN officers
patronised sex clubs where women were held against their will.
On Wednesday, the final day of the tribunal, Rees told the court that a
prostitute in one of Bosnia's most notorious brothels had identified
Dennis Laducer, the deputy commissioner of the International Police Task
Force (IPTF) and one of the highest-ranking UN officials in Bosnia, as a
client. Rees said she had been prompted to make the allegation --
contained in a leaked internal UN document -- after a 'damning' memo
about Bolkovac had been sent by Laducer to UN administrators.
'We had to call his character into question,' says Rees, who believes
Bolkovac is a victim of DynCorp and the UN Bosnian leadership's 'boys
will be boys' attitude when its male employees break the law after
hours, seeking sex from prostitutes and funneling money into brothels
and strip clubs driven by a multi-ethnic organised crime network.
US and DynCorp officials deny Bolkovac's allegations and say she was
fired for forging a time sheet, but Rees insists: 'She just knew too
much and wasn't prepared for their action. Everything she has said is
true'.
Bolkovac arrived in Bosnia from Lincoln, Nebraska, to oversee all UN
police investigations of gender issues. Before that she had worked for
20 years as a police officer in the United States.
Her jurisdiction in Bosnia formally covered every crime from sexual
assault to domestic violence. But she claims that, informally, much of
her job revolved around the axis of a seedy sex market operating
throughout the region.
Her allegations describe a rampant disregard of international human
rights workers and a boys'-club mentality that applauded the abuse of
women at the hands of those sent to protect them.
Bolkovac cannot speak to the press until the tribunal delivers its
decision in three weeks, but recently told the BBC: 'I would drive by on
patrols and see UN vehicles outside many of the bars and at first, I
thought, 'OK, you know, they're having a drink and checking up on
things.' But then as reports started coming in from the victims that
many of these people were users and abusers, it was quite obvious that
was more to it than that.'
What sealed her suspicions was a routine raid on a notorious brothel in
the Bosnian town of Doboj, where at least five women implicated
international peacekeepers.
'Some of these women were describing American men in uniform. They were
describing tattoos. They were describing many things which were highly
identifiable,' Bolkovac said.
She claims she demanded her supervisors take action and reprimand the
offenders ... and was fired shortly after.
'This makes people terrified of coming forward,' Rees says. 'They won't
go public because, 'Look what happened to Kathy Bolkovac.' We know it
happened in Cambodia, Mozambique, Bosnia and Kosovo ... they have to get
a grip.'
Bolkovac isn't the only former DynCorp employee to sue the company over
claims of being punished after reporting bad behaviour. Ben D Johnston,
an aircraft mechanic from Texas, is suing DynCorp for discharging him
after he co-operated with a US Army investigation into allegations that
DynCorp employees bought and sold under-age prostitutes and, in two
cases, videotaped themselves raping them.
'Even the company Christmas party was held at a whorehouse,' Johnston
told the Sunday Herald. 'It was a place of sin. [DynCorp] thrived on it.
I had a supervisor who got free women when a new person came in because
he would take them to a brothel. He was rewarded for buying women and
raping them.'
On June 21, a Texas district court in Fort Worth -- where a large
contingent of DynCorp is based -- ruled that Johnston's case will go
before a jury in July, despite requests by DynCorp to dismiss the
charges on grounds of insufficient evidence.
Bolkovac and Johnston's suits have placed a company that has supported
American national security around the world for years in a vulnerable
spotlight, raising questions about the accountability of contract
workers who break laws while working on behalf of foreign governments.
The UN is finding it difficult to make Bolkovac's story, and others like
it, go away.
In the wake of Bolkovac's claims, other former UN employees and
humanitarian workers have brought forth similar allegations. The US
Congress heard testimony in April from David Lamb, a former UN
investigator, and Martina Vandenberg, chief European researcher for
Human Rights Watch.
Lamb claimed that the UN was 'passive' and unwilling to uproot the
organised crime network which had laid the groundwork for Bosnia's sex
trade. Half-hearted UN investigations into the sex industry failed to
yield results or implicate international workers caught subscribing to
it, he added.
'Whenever involvement of UN personnel surfaced during investigations,
support stopped,' Lamb told the US House Committee on International
Relations. 'Headquarters went so far as to plan and carry out its own
mass raid on brothels without involving or even consulting with the
Human Rights Office or experienced investigators, and then publicised
false information about the results.'
Women forced to work as prostitutes identified six IPTF officers as
clients after a raid in Prijedor, Vandenberg says. In other cases, no
disciplinary action was taken because the men said they bought the women
in order to rescue them.
'I call that the Sudanese slave redemption defence,' Vandenberg says.
'No-one interviewed the women. In one case a woman was purchased by an
American IPTF officer. She ran away and reported to police that she'd
been living with him for over a month.'
Jacques Paul Klein, the head of the UN High Commission in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, did not respond to repeated Sunday Herald requests
for an interview. He has publicly denied Bolkovac's and Lamb's claims,
recently calling Bolkovac a liar on the BBC.
Klein's office denies that any UN employees have been sacked for sexual
misconduct. 'We have the most aggressive, hard-charging anti-trafficking
programme anywhere in the whole region, ' Klein told the BBC in May.
In July 2001 the UN implemented a Special Trafficking Operations
Programme (Stop) to combat crime in Bosnia and offer assistance to women
caught up in the sex trade. Last year, Stop carried out 538 raids and
inspections. It closed down 119 illegal sex venues, found 1700 women and
repatriated 150. Director Celhia DeLavarene, a former journalist, says
only time will measure the operation's success.
'Since I started Stop I attend at least one raid a week,' she says. 'We
never, ever came across the International Police Task Force.'
That doesn't mean the IPTF has been innocent of the charges. Rather,
DeLavarene thinks, the officers learn of impending raids through
widespread leaks within the local police departments. Stop doesn't use
weapons and must rely on local police for help with raids. Often these
police are clients themselves.
Testimony taken last week from one 21-year-old woman freed from a
Stop-raided brothel named three local police officers taking bribes from
brothel owners and forcing the young women to have sex with them.
'They haven't been successful,' Rees says of Stop. 'You don't deal with
trafficking by closing night bars. We've driven it underground and now
it's much more difficult to trace. You don't get the people you need to
be getting.'
DeLavarene disagrees: 'Rees has no right to say that. She has never
asked to come on a raid and see the work we are doing. We work at night
and we try to save the girls.'
For 15 years Agnes Callamard, director of the Geneva-based Humanitarian
Accountability Project, has traced patterns of sex trafficking in
war-torn regions. She says stories of abuse following the arrival of
peacekeepers mirror those of the troubled regions to come before and
after Bosnia: Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Kosovo and East Timor.
Next to be hit, Callamard fears, will be impoverished, bombed-out
Afghanistan.
'I imagine in the name of good, the women and girls are considered the
price worth paying for it,' Callamard says. 'In the name of the peace
process we are willing to accept certain problems like sexual abuse,
prostitution and trafficking.
'This conspiracy of silence needs to be challenged -- denial is not an
option. The future of humanitarian work will require a much stronger
self-regulatory framework.'
Eyewitness: 'THESE WOMEN ARE RAPED, ABUSED AND BEATEN'
Since 1999 Iana Matei has been running a tiny, low-budget shelter in
Romania to rehabilitate a small number of the women who unwittingly fall
into southeastern Europe's sex slave trade.
Matei knows them as 'survivors' -- while the rest of the world calls
them sex traffic victims.
At any given time she has 12 such women, who have been rescued from
brothels in countries from Bosnia to Saudi Arabia, living with her in
two cheap three-room flats in Pitesti.
Matei's shelter is the only one of its kind in Romania. It attempts to
place the women back into society, smoothing out the scars left by rape,
starvation and other abuse the women have endured in the brothels.
'When they come back to Romania, their mentality is that they are
whores,' Matei says. 'Sometimes they are so humiliated, it's beyond
belief.'
Sometimes it is a schoolmate, a relative or a friend of the family who
offers the women a job. Sometimes there is an ad in the paper promising
high pay for babysitters or waitresses in Italy, Greece or Germany. But
every time there is the promise that they will make more money than they
could doing the same work in Romania, the Ukraine or Moldova.
These girls know about sex trafficking, but think it won't happen to
them, Matei believes. So they leave their homes -- often fleeing abusive
husbands or fathers -- and make their way to western Europe.
The men they trust to take them there have a different agenda. In covert
checkpoints -- forests, abandoned buildings or houses -- the women are
stripped of their passports and possessions and are sold to mafia owners
of bars and brothels.
'They are locked up,' says Matei. 'They have no freedom of movement, no
medical assistance. They are raped, physically abused and forced to
drink alcohol. In Bosnia, the girls told me that if they didn't smile
enough they were beaten.'
By the time the women make it to Matei, they see themselves as the pimps
see them -- nothing more than negotiable merchandise. They have a hard
time trusting authority because they see local police and international
humanitarian workers taking bribes from the bar owners and forcing them
to have sex with them too, Matei explains.
Using grants from humanitarian organisations in the United States and
Europe, Matei gives the women the skills they will need to rebuild their
lives. They are taught trades such as hairdressing and undergo countless
therapy sessions that aim to remove the guilt and humiliation they
experience.
Over three years, Matei has had a high success rate. Only five women
have been trafficked again.
The international community is organising task forces and conferences to
form anti-trafficking policies, but Matei is fed up with what she deems
too much talk and not enough action. The latest figures show that
200,000 southeastern European women were trafficked in 2000.
'We are just talking about trafficking when the latest report shows the
number of girls increased last year,' Matei says. 'Girls from the ages
of 15 to 18 are being trafficked more than last year.
'I would say the problem is getting worse.'
--------------
B. CAMPAIGNS
2. Khatami's advisor on women's affairs defends inhuman punishment of
stoning, calls it necessary for "protection of family dignity"
In response to a criticism by Ms. Laurette Onkelinx, the Belgian
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labor, over punishment of women
by stoning in Iran for "adultery" and "corruption," Zahra Shojaii,
Khatami's advisor on women's affairs, strongly defended this inhuman
punishment and said: "Stoning in Islam has been introduced with the
intention of preserving family dignity." (state-owned Ressalat daily,
July 6, 2002)
Ressalat wrote: "In her meeting with Zahra Shojaii, the Deputy Prime
Minister and Minister of Labor of Belgium criticized the practice of
stoning as a punishment in Iran. But Zahra Shojaii countered her
criticism with a firm defense of stoning."
The strong "defense" of stoning women in Iran by Khatami's advisor on
women's affairs is clearly yet another indication that once again all
factions within the mullahs' religious dictatorship share the same
view on discrimination against women and misogyny. Contrary to their
propaganda, there has not been any improvement at all in the state of
women in Iran during five years of Khatami's presidency.
In this period, 23 stoning sentences have been meted out, and 16 of
the victims have been women. At this very moment, there are four
women - Shahnaz, Sima, Ferdows and Ashraf - waiting to be stoned to
death.
Women's Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran
July 9, 2002
*****
La Conseillère de Khatami pour les affaires féminines prend la
défense du châtiment inhumain de la lapidation qu'elle déclare
nécessaire à "la protection de la dignité de la famille".
En réponse aux critiques de Mme Laurette Onkelinx, la vice première
ministre et ministre du travail belge, sur le châtiment des femmes
par la lapidation en Iran pour "adultère" et "corruption", Zahra
Chodja'i, conseillères aux affaires féminines de Khatami, a vivement
pris la défense de ce châtiment inhumain en affirmant: "La
lapidation en Islam a été introduite avec l'intention de préserver la
dignité de la famille." (Quotidien gouvernemental Ressalat, du 6
juillet 2002)
Ressalat écrit: "Dans une rencontre avec Zahra Chodja'i, la vice
première ministre et ministre du travail de Belgique a critiqué la
pratique de la lapidation comme châtiment en Iran. Mais Zahra
Chodja'i a répliqué à ses critiques par une virulente défense de la
lapidation."
La virulente "défense" de la lapidation des femmes en Iran par la
conseillère de Khatami pour les affaires féminines montre une fois de
plus clairement que toutes les factions dans la dictature religieuse
des mollahs partagent le même point de vue sur la misogynie et la
discrimination contre les femmes. Contrairement à leur propagande, il
n'y a eu aucune amélioration dans la situation des femmes pendant les
cinq années de présidence de Khatami.
Pendant cette période, 23 condamnations à la lapidation ont été
prononcées et 16 des victimes étaient des femmes. A l'heure actuelle,
il y a quatre femmes - Chahnaz, Sima, Ferdows et Achraf - qui
attendent d'être lapidées à mort.
Commission des Femmes du Conseil national de la Résistance iranienne
Le 9 juillet 2002
----------
3. CEDAW Briefing (Washington DC, 15 July 2002)
Dear CEDAW Supporter:
In the past, your organization has supported the ratification of the
Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW), also known as the Treaty for the Rights of Women. In the
recent months, there has been a lot of exciting activity surrounding
ratification, including a recent Senate Foreign Relations Committee
hearing and a scheduled committee vote for July 18th.
The State Department has also identified CEDAW as a Category III Treaty
which means that it is classified as "generally desirable and should be
approved."
Though we have the support of the State Department and many Senators,
there are still strong forces that oppose this treaty. We must continue
to push the Administration and the Senator to support this crucial treaty.
We need your help to do this!
What can you do?
GET UP TO DATE AND GET INVOLVED!
Please attend a briefing on Monday, July 15, 2002 from 1:00-2:00pm at the
Amnesty International Office, located at 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE,
Washington DC on the 5th floor.
At this event you will learn about the work being done on the treaty and
what you and your organizations can do to be involved in the efforts to
finally ratify CEDAW.
You can also visit www.womenstreaty.org, which has timely and detailed
information and links for you to take action directly.
For more information please call Sarah Albert at 202-347-3168 or
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>.
----------
C. URGENT ALERT
4. Nigeria: Amina Lawal's hearing ajourned until next month
OMCT Appeals
Case NGA 250302.3 VAW
Third Follow up to Case NGA 250302 VAW
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Torture
The International Secretariat of OMCT has received new information
concerning the case of Amina Lawal who was sentenced to death by
stoning by a Sharia court in Katsina State in Nigeria.
New information
According to information received, the hearing of the appeal of Amina
Lawal, who was convicted of adultery and sentenced to death by
stoning, began in Northern Nigeria. The four judges of the Sharia
Court have, after hearing from her defense counsel on 8 July 2002,
adjourned the case until next month.
Brief reminder of the Situation
The International Secretariat of the World Organisation Against
Torture (OMCT) is deeply concerned by the sentencing to death by
stoning of 30 year-old Amina Lawal.
According to information received from reliable sources, on Friday 22
March 2002, a Sharia court at Bakori in Katsina State sentenced Ms.
Lawal to death after she confessed to having had a child while
divorced. The man named as the father of her baby girl reportedly
denied having sex with her and the charges against him were
discontinued. In those Northern Nigerian states that apply Sharia
law, pregnancy outside of marriage constitutes sufficient evidence to
enable a woman to be convicted of adultery. Under the applicable
procedural rules, Amina Lawal had 30 days in which to appeal her
sentence.
On 3 June 2002 the Sharia court at Funtua in Katsina State, Northern
Nigeria ordered the conditional release of Amina Lawal until January
2003, to allow her to return to her village in order to care for her
6 month old daughter.
The court had stated that the decision in relation to her conditional
release is independent of the decision in her appellate hearing which
is expected to be handed down on 8 July.
Action requested
Please write to the Nigerian authorities urging them to:
i. guarantee the physical and psychological integrity of Ms. Amina
Lawal and her family;
ii. ensure Ms. Amina Lawal the right to a fair trial and allow her
effective access to legal
representation.
iii. take all necessary measures to secure respect for the rule of
law in Nigeria which includes
respect for the prohibition on torture and cruel, inhuman and
degrading treatment and
punishment, such as the practice of corporal punishment;
iv. guarantee women their human rights, including their right to be
free from discrimination and their right to be free from torture and
inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment;
v. ensure in all circumstances the full respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms in accordance with national and international
standards.
Addresses:
His Exellency Olusegun Obasanjo, President of the Republic, The
Presidency, Federal Secretariat
Phase II, Shehu Shagari Way,Abuja; Fax: 234 9 523 21 36 (press
office), Email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Alhaji Sule Lamido, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Maputo Street , Zone
3 Wuse District, Abuja, Nigeria ; Fax: 234 9 523 02 08.
Kanu Godwin Agabi, Minister of Justice, Ministry of Justice, New
Federal Secretariat complex
Shehu Shagari Way, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria; Fax:
234 9 523 52 08.
Alhaji Uman Musa Yar'adua, Governor, Office of the Military
Administrator, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria.
The Embassy of Nigeria in your respective countries.
Geneva, 10 July 2002
Kindly inform us of any action undertaken quoting the code of this
appeal in your reply.
--------------
D. PUBLICATIONS
5. First Issue of Women's Human Rights Network's monthly electronic news
bulletin
Dear End -Violence Moderator,
We would like to request you to post in your list the first release
of Women's Human Rights Network's monthly electronic news bulletin.
WHRnet News brings subscribers the latest in WHRnet News,
Alerts, Interviews, Critical Perspectives and Web Highlights.
We also invite your list members to visit the newly renovated site at
<www.whrnet.org>.
Thank you so much.
--Maria Carolina Rodriguez Bello
For WHRnet
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
*******************************************************************************
WHRnet-News -- Issue No. 1 -- July 5, 2002
A Global Link to Women's Human Rights News, Views and Advocacy
*******************************************************************************
NEWS
Woman Judge Is Candidate for High Commissioner for Human Rights
Mary Robinson's term as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
ends in September 2002, and the Women's Caucus for Gender Justice is
initiating a campaign supporting the only woman candidate for the post.
Please see http://www.whrnet.org/archive/news/july_4_02.htm#news1
for more details.
Swaziland Women Face a Hard Path to Equality
Recent news about banning women from wearing trousers and the continuing
centuries-old view of women as men's property demonstrate that women in
Swaziland face a long social, political and cultural battle for equality.
Please see http://www.whrnet.org/archive/news/july_4_02.htm#news5 for more
details.
Honduran Lawmaker Calls for Investigation into Child-Sex Trade
Hondura's lawmaker Doris Gutierrez has called for the formation of a
high-level congressional commission that will look into the trafficking of
Honduran children who end up as sex workers abroad.
Please see http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/archive/news/may_29_02.htm#news2 for
more details.
Women in Malaysia Protest Discriminatory Policy
More than 70 women's organizations protested against the Terrangganu state
government's plan to enact a policy that requires rape victims to come up
with "four Muslim men of good character" to prove the crime.
Please see http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/archive/news/june_19_02.htm#news3
for more details.
Ayesha Imam Receives Humphrey Freedom Award
Ayesha Imam, current head of BAOBAB for Women's Human Rights in Nigeria,
is the winner of the John Humphrey Freedom Award for 2002.
Please see http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/archive/news/june_19_02.htm#news6
for more details.
************************************************************************
ACTION ALERT
Letter Writing Campaign: Gender Justice and the ICC
Support the campaign for fair representation of women judges, prosecutor and
deputy prosecutors in the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC, which
became operational on 01 July 2002, will try individuals for crimes of war,
genocide and crimes against humanity, as well as gender crimes, such as
sexual slavery, rape, forced prostitution, and other forms of sexual
violence that are used as weapons of war.
See http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/campaigns_iccletter.htm for more details.
*******************************************************************************
PERSPECTIVE
The Hard Path to Equality, by Aster Zaoude, Senior Gender Adviser at United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York
Despite achievements made in advancing women's rights, Aster Zaoude says "no
country in the world can claim to have fully achieved gender equality." In
this article, Zaide tells why and points to two possible approaches to
achieve gender equality.
See http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/persp_azaoude.htm for complete article.
*******************************************************************************
INTERVIEW
Farida Shaheed from Shirkat Gah, Pakistan and Women Living Under Muslim
Laws International Solidarity Network (WLUML)
This interview provides a critical assessment of the politics of
fundamentalism.
Farida Shaheed defines the forces called 'fundamentalism,' explains how
they take
root and why they are anti-women, and suggests ways to counter all forms of
fundamentalism.
See http://www.whrnet.org/whrnet/interviews_fshaheed.htm for complete
interview.
*******************************************************************************
WEB HIGHLIGHTS - RECOMMENDED SITES TO VISIT
Women's Rights are Human Rights
http://www.unhchr.ch/women
Set up by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, this site
gives readers a menu of basic information on the "women's rights as human
rights" framework, as well as latest news, conferences, documents and other
information arising from the United Nations' work to promote and protect
women's rights.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
South-South Movements
http://www.isiswomen.org/pub/wia/wia301/index.html
Visit Isis International-Manila's web site to view articles from the latest
release of the Women In Action Magazine, which carries the theme
"South-South Movements."
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Fund for Women
www.globalfundforwomen.org
Global Fund for Women will be giving out more than 400 grants amounting to
US$4.5 this year. Visit this site to find out more about how you and your
organization can be recipients of financial assistance for projects
committed to women's equality and female human rights.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Social, Economic and Environmental Sustainability from a Gender Perspective:
14 Issues To Tackle
http://www.eurosur.org/wide/UN/Joburg1.htm
Outlines topics from a gender perspective that will be discussed in the
World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South
Africa from 26 August to 04 September 2002.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Female Genital Mutilation Prevalence Rate
http://www.who.int/frh-whd/FGM/FGM%20prev%20update.html
This site provides the World Health Organization's latest estimates on the
occurrence of female genital mutilation in African countries.
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