>From: "Adri Amiruddin" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>Subject: [envorum] Fw: Text: USAID Lists Alternatives to DDT to Fight
>Malaria
>Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2000 12:08:04 +0700
>
>Mungkin ada gunanya. Bagi yang sudah dapat langsung dari USIS, mohon maaf
>kalau jadi doubel.
>
>Salam
>Adri
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: Public Affairs Section <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>To: Adri Amiruddin <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>Sent: Thursday, December 07, 2000 12:16 PM
>Subject: Text: USAID Lists Alternatives to DDT to Fight Malaria
>
>
> > Text: USAID Lists Alternatives to DDT to Fight Malaria
> > (Position paper released at toxic substance meeting) (1640)
> >
> > The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) says it has
>stepped
>up efforts in the battle against malaria in the last several years,
>including activities to reduce reliance on the controversial pesticide DDT
>for controlling the mosquitoes that carry the disease.
> >
> > The USAID released the position paper in conjunction with an
>international
>meeting being held December 4-9 in Johannesburg, South Africa, to finalize
>a
>global treaty that would curtail use of several persistent organic
>pollutants (POPs), including DDT.
> >
> > DDT, which poses health risks to wildlife and has been found in the milk
>of nursing mothers, has been banned in many industrialized countries. But
>more than two dozen countries still rely on the chemical as an effective
>way
>to rid areas of malaria-carrying mosquitoes. For example, it is used by
>countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas, typically to spray the interior
>walls of buildings, where mosquitoes often are found.
> >
> > USAID says it supports several activities related to the development or
>implementation of alternatives to DDT use in so-called indoor residual
>spraying, as well as efforts for the overall improvement of malaria
>prevention and control.
> >
> > One such activity is an innovative Africa regional public-private
>venture
>that calls for the commercial distribution of insecticide-treated bednets
>(ITNs). "In many areas of Africa, ITNs may provide an effective
>alternative
>to indoor residual spraying," the USAID paper says. "Insecticide-treated
>net studies have shown reductions in child mortality of 17 to 63 percent in
>various African countries."
> >
> > USAID says its expected that more than 30 million African children will
>be
>protected from malaria over the five-year life of the program.
> >
> > USAID is also involved in an international anti-malaria effort known at
>Roll Back Malaria. Further information is available at
>http://www.rbm.who.int/
> >
> > The paper lists other USAID activities that reduce reliance on DDT, as
>well as the agency's accomplishments in the overall battle against malaria.
> >
> > Following is the text of the USAID paper:
> >
> > (begin text)
> >
> > Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
> > for a Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants (INC-5)
> >
> > Johannesburg, South Africa, December 4-9, 2000
> >
> > U.S. Agency for International Development
> > Overview of USAID Malaria Program
> > December 2000
> >
> > Since the start of USAID's Infectious Disease Initiative in 1997 the
>Agency has stepped up significantly its efforts in the battle against
>malaria, especially in developing new technologies and approaches for the
>prevention and control of malaria; building malaria control networks among
>U.S. government agencies, multi-lateral donors, NGOs and other bilateral
>donors; "rolling-out" Roll Back Malaria (RBM); and establishing new malaria
>programs in more than 20 countries. The long-range control of malaria
>depends on such integrated approaches and collaboration, as it is clear
>that
>no one method will work everywhere, and collaborative approaches to
>developing locally-appropriate interventions are required.
> >
> > USAID supports activities related to the development and/or
>implementation
>of alternatives to DDT use in Indoor Residual Spraying, as well as efforts
>for overall improvement of malaria prevention and control.
> >
> > DDT alternatives
> >
> > USAID activities which reduce reliance on DDT include the following
>three
>areas:
> >
> > THE ROLLING-OUT OF Roll Back Malaria. Over the past year USAID has
>worked
>closely with the WHO Geneva secretariat for RBM http://www.rbm.who.int/,
>the
>regional offices in Africa, the Western Pacific, PAHO and host of partners
>to lay out RBM's agenda and formulate its strategic approach. USAID has
>been especially active in promoting strong operational linkages between RBM
>and ongoing maternal and child health programs, such as Integrated
>Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and SafeMotherhood. [Fiscal Year
>2000 contribution $3.4 million].
> >
> > THE LAUNCHING OF NetMark. NetMark http://www.netmarkafrica.org/ is an
>innovative Africa regional public-private venture with the home products
>giant SC Johnson promoting commercial distribution of insecticide treated
>bednets (ITNs). In many areas of Africa ITNs may provide an effective
>alternative to indoor residual spraying. Insecticide-treated net studies
>have shown reductions in child mortality of 17-63% in various African
>countries. Expectations are that more than 30 million African children
>will
>be protected from malaria over the five-year life of the program. The
>public-private partnership should offer unique advantages in providing
>sustained and expanded delivery of insecticide treated netting services.
>During 2001 product launches are expected in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria,
>Uganda
>and Zambia. [FY 2000 contribution $1.75 million].
> >
> > IMPROVING EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAMS.
>Historically, vector control programs have been a mainstay of national
>malaria control programs, but increasing resistance to insecticides, high
>costs and wasteful practices have limited their effectiveness. USAID's
>Environmental Health Project (EHP) http://www.usaid.gov/environment/ is
>working with national malaria control programs in Eritrea and Mozambique to
>strategically target operations according to local ecological factors.
>These countries have identified priorities for integrated approaches to
>malaria control, and USAID is working in partnership with these countries
>to
>build capacity to collect, analyze and use broad-based surveillance data
>for
>more effective control activities. EHP is also collaborating with WHO/Roll
>Back Malaria to develop an assessment tool for vector control programs to
>be
>used with the RBM national assessment process. USAID is also collaborating
>with WHO/AFRO in addressing the lac!
> > k of entomology and vector control program management skills in the
>field.
>[FY 2000 contribution $800,000].
> >
> > USAID's overall malaria efforts
> >
> > In addition to these programs, USAID has a long-standing commitment to
>improving malaria control through a variety of interventions which would
>ideally be combined into locally-appropriate integrated control programs.
>Funding for malaria work through USAID has increased dramatically in recent
>years, as shown in the following graph.
> >
> > Strategically, USAID's efforts are focused in five key areas:
> >
> > -- preventing malaria infection;
> > -- promoting effective treatment of malaria illness;
> > -- protecting pregnant women from malaria;
> > -- responding to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria;
>and,
> > -- addressing the growing threat of malaria posed to populations living
>in
>areas of "complex humanitarian emergencies."
> >
> > Among the Agency's accomplishments over this time period are:
> >
> > MANAGING MALARIA ILLNESS IN THE COMMUNITY. It is estimated that in
>Africa
>up to 80% of people, when seeking medical care, first visit a private drug
>outlet or practitioner. As noted in a recent field study by USAID's
>Quality
>Assurance Project in western Kenya, the technical quality of private
>medical
>and pharmaceutical services is often questionable. Shops or kiosks were
>found to be the main source of drugs for rural people, yet the survey
>revealed that 87% of the shopkeepers had never received training on drug
>use
>though 60% routinely gave instructions on dosages to their customers. The
>main reasons for low technical quality of private services is that they are
>beyond most governments' capacity to inform, update, monitor, and regulate.
>USAID is currently working with the Kenyan Ministry of Health and the
>Kenyan
>NGO AMREF to test new strategies to improve quality of private services
>without increasing the burden of government. It is expected this effort
>will provide va!
> > luable lessons on how best to reach the private sector, improving the
>quality of an important provider of community health services.
> >
> > SLOWING THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF DRUG RESISTANT MALARIA. The
>emergence
>and spread of multidrug resistant malaria (MDR) across the Mekong region of
>Southeast Asia over the past decade and the corresponding increase in
>deaths
>and cases of severe malaria have posed an especially difficult challenge to
>planners and policy makers. As a first step in establishing a regional
>capacity to address the threat posed by MDR malaria in the Mekong region
>USAID, in partnership with WHO/Roll Back Malaria has established a regional
>sentinel surveillance network among the six Mekong countries -- Burma,
>Cambodia, China (Yunnan Province), Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam -- for the
>routine monitoring and coordinated response to the emergence and spread of
>multidrug resistant (MDR) malaria. In addition, USAID has established
>programs in western Cambodia and along the Thai-Burma border to deliver
>more
>effective preventive and curative services among populations most at risk
>from MDR malaria.
> >
> > PROTECTING PREGNANT WOMEN FROM MALARIA. Each year 22 million African
>women who become pregnant in malaria endemic areas are at high risk of
>experiencing severe sequelae and additional risk of delivering a low-birth
>weight baby - the most common contributing factor to perinatal death. Yet,
>these deaths are easily preventable. Recent field trials supported by
>USAID
>and conducted by CDC have shown that women can be fully protected from the
>risks of malaria infection by taking a two-dose treatment of the
>antimalarial drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, SP, at the beginning of their
>second and third trimester of pregnancy. Yet only a few African countries
>have adopted policies for the provision of SP through antenatal clinics.
>USAID is working to build a "malaria and pregnancy network" to advocate for
>wider use of intermittent anti-malarial therapy and is planning on
>co-hosting with WHO an Africa regional meeting on expanded MIP activities
>in
>2001.
> >
> > DEVELOPING SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES. USAID's efforts
>to
>improve the health status of children and other vulnerable populations
>throughout the developing world are too often constrained by existing
>technologies, which may be too expensive, fragile, or rendered ineffective
>by adaptive disease pathogens. The long-term success of health programs
>requires the development of simple, effective and affordable interventions.
>Among recent USAID accomplishments is the development of low-cost, reliable
>malaria diagnostics suitable for use at peripheral health facilities.
>Already, they are proving an important new tool for the management of drug
>resistance, especially in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia.
> >
> > ADVANCES IN MALARIA VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. An entirely new process for
>production of a protein malaria vaccine has been developed and human trials
>are scheduled. A multi-component DNA vaccine is also ready for human
>trials.
>USAID is playing a leading role in both of these efforts, which are being
>conducted at DOD facilities. Following demonstration of safety, field
>trials
>of these vaccines are planned in Kenya and Ghana in 2001.
> >
> > (end text)
> >
> > ------
> > Public Affairs Section
> >
> > Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 4 Jakarta 10110
> > Telephone: (021)3435-9500, Ext. 9566 Fax: (021)381-0243
> > e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> > US Embassy Homepage: http://www.usembassyjakarta.org
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
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