Most of the answers below are direct quotes from ES 5.1

> - What do you call something that produces instances in JavaScript? A
> class? A type? A constructor? Or is a constructor the implementation of a
> type?
>

A constructor. http://es5.github.com/#x4.3


>
> - Are Date and RegExp built-in types? What do you call the value of the
> global variable Date? Is new Date() an instance of a type or an instance of
> a constructor?
>

These are constructor properties of the global object.
http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.4

When Date is called as part of a new expression, it is a constructor: it
initialises the newly created object. http://es5.github.com/#x15.9.3



> - What about primitives?Are there primitive types and object types? Is the
> union of the two called just “types”?
>

A member of one of the types Undefined, Null, Boolean, Number, or String
http://es5.github.com/#x4.3.2
Everything else is an object.


>
> - If instance factory B inherits from instance factory A, is B a subclass
> of A? B a subtype of A? B a subconstructor of A?
>

B inherits A's prototype, A is in B's "prototype chain"


>
> - Does a class literal (if it makes it into ES.next) define a class? Is a
> class the implementation of a type?
>

I can't answer this


>
> Intuitively, it is clear how things work, but I find it difficult to be
> precise when talking/writing about them.
>
>        --
> Dr. Axel Rauschmayer
> [email protected]
>
> home: rauschma.de
> twitter: twitter.com/rauschma
> blog: 2ality.com
>
>
>
>
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