---------- Forwarded message --------- From: Paul Krugman from Paul Krugman <[email protected]> Date: Wed, Oct 15, 2025 at 6:34 AM Subject: China Has Overtaken America To: <[email protected]>
And Trump’s policies guarantee that we will never catch up ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here <https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9wYXVsa3J1Z21hbi5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc3Vic2NyaWJlP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9ZW1haWwmdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWVtYWlsLXN1YnNjcmliZSZyPTZ4M25uJm5leHQ9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZwYXVsa3J1Z21hbi5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20lMkZwJTJGY2hpbmEtaGFzLW92ZXJ0YWtlbi1hbWVyaWNhIiwicCI6MTc2MjE3NzAxLCJzIjoyNzc1MTcsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjExNjIyMDgzLCJpYXQiOjE3NjA1MjQ0NTcsImV4cCI6MjA3NjEwMDQ1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.opYMhUq1ILpPDwp3SMbC5qYKLCqA4-V8A3Q4Quq-5A8?> for more China Has Overtaken America <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=277517&post_id=176217701&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=6x3nn&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMTYyMjA4MywicG9zdF9pZCI6MTc2MjE3NzAxLCJpYXQiOjE3NjA1MjQ0NTcsImV4cCI6MTc2MzExNjQ1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTI3NzUxNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.h_Itw3eECgA0168chKBjHWpr17EjKCp3_1S-0qxy8OM>And Trump’s policies guarantee that we will never catch up Paul Krugman <https://substack.com/@paulkrugman> Oct 15 <https://substack.com/@paulkrugman> <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=277517&post_id=176217701&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMTYyMjA4MywicG9zdF9pZCI6MTc2MjE3NzAxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTc2MDUyNDQ1NywiZXhwIjoxNzYzMTE2NDU3LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjc3NTE3Iiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.lf0uP6P0nsn_vuNaN2I9VNtkVVLDSA_59A74AT4q2gg&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=6x3nn> <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=277517&post_id=176217701&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMTYyMjA4MywicG9zdF9pZCI6MTc2MjE3NzAxLCJpYXQiOjE3NjA1MjQ0NTcsImV4cCI6MTc2MzExNjQ1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTI3NzUxNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.h_Itw3eECgA0168chKBjHWpr17EjKCp3_1S-0qxy8OM&r=6x3nn&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email> <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=277517&post_id=176217701&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=6x3nn&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMTYyMjA4MywicG9zdF9pZCI6MTc2MjE3NzAxLCJpYXQiOjE3NjA1MjQ0NTcsImV4cCI6MTc2MzExNjQ1NywiaXNzIjoicHViLTI3NzUxNyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.h_Itw3eECgA0168chKBjHWpr17EjKCp3_1S-0qxy8OM> <https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9vcGVuLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9wdWIvcGF1bGtydWdtYW4vcC9jaGluYS1oYXMtb3ZlcnRha2VuLWFtZXJpY2E_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.7tFnW95e-a9MRP8MYcu1Whnt-iFA30gA83lsuW8d09k?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email> READ IN APP <https://open.substack.com/pub/paulkrugman/p/china-has-overtaken-america?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store&utm_campaign=email-read-in-app> [image: A graph showing the power of energy AI-generated content may be incorrect.] <https://substack.com/redirect/25df7fea-3ad6-43f3-847f-75d1cfdd0822?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> In 1957 the Soviet Union put the first man-made satellite — Sputnik — into orbit. The U.S. response was close to panic: The Cold War was at its coldest, and there were widespread fears that the Soviets were taking the lead in science and technology. In retrospect those fears were overblown. When Communism fell, we learned that the Soviet economy was far less advanced than many had believed. Still, the effects of the “Sputnik moment <https://substack.com/redirect/53f90c05-8d2d-4fc0-ad2b-c989c0156643?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o>” were salutary: America poured resources into science and higher education, helping to lay the foundations for enduring leadership. Today American leadership is once again being challenged by an authoritarian regime. And in terms of economic might, China is a much more serious rival than the Soviet Union ever was. Some readers were skeptical when I pointed out <https://substack.com/redirect/faf759a7-7372-431b-aea2-b2c69095b24c?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Monday that China’s economy is, in real terms, already substantially larger than ours. The truth is that GDP at purchasing power parity is a very useful measure, but if it seems too technical, how about just looking at electricity generation, which is strongly correlated with economic development? As the chart at the top of this post shows, China now generates well over twice as much electricity as we do. Yet, rather than having another Sputnik moment, we are now trapped in a reverse Sputnik moment. Rather than acknowledging that the US is in danger of being permanently overtaken by China’s technological and economic prowess, the Trump administration is slashing support <https://substack.com/redirect/7b7a86bb-cbc4-4e92-b67a-8410eb5f3f71?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> for scientific research and attacking education. In the name of defeating the bogeymen of “wokeness” and the “deep state”, this administration is actively opposing progress in critical sectors while giving grifters like the crypto industry everything that they want. The most obvious example of Trump’s war on a critical sector, and the most consequential for the next decade, is his vendetta against renewable energy. Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill rolled back Biden’s tax incentives for renewable energy. The administration is currently trying to kill a huge, nearly completed offshore wind farm that could power hundreds of thousands of homes, as well as cancel $7 billion in grants for residential solar panels <https://substack.com/redirect/611523af-6555-4170-95f3-0da2120b92a7?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o>. It appears to have succeeded in killing a huge solar energy project <https://substack.com/redirect/ce51ede1-f546-485a-973d-b06eb47a53ef?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> that would have powered almost 2 million homes. It has canceled $8 billion in clean energy grants, mostly in Democratic states, and is reportedly planning to cancel tens of billions more <https://substack.com/redirect/b5e22ded-7fef-4d83-a84e-f63e84c14e88?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> . While Trump proclaims “Drill, Baby, Drill”, projected growth in U.S. solar and wind power has been stunted, and perhaps even stalled, by the administration’s hostility: [image: A graph of a graph showing the price of energy AI-generated content may be incorrect.] <https://substack.com/redirect/a9359fa5-9762-4399-9770-116f028afcdc?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Source <https://substack.com/redirect/752b4caf-8e9d-4670-9425-98074c377c89?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> In his rambling speech <https://substack.com/redirect/f5a35371-b92d-4c18-bbb4-254092005ac5?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> at the United Nations, Donald Trump insisted that China isn’t making use of wind power: “They use coal, they use gas, they use almost anything, but they don’t like wind.” I don’t know where Trump gets his misinformation — maybe the same sources telling him that Portland is in flames. But here’s the reality: <https://substack.com/redirect/93237ace-6f54-49d9-887b-2d736c269ea7?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Chris Wright, Trump’s energy secretary, says that solar power is unreliable <https://substack.com/redirect/a50730a7-e812-4385-970b-28e5ec7f60ce?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o>: “You have to have power when the sun goes behind a cloud and when the sun sets, which it does almost every night.” So the energy secretary of the most technologically advanced nation on earth is unaware of the energy revolution <https://substack.com/redirect/5d1148fb-2fe1-4ac5-9dce-91cf1b3de5ea?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> being propelled by dramatic technological progress in batteries. And the revolution is happening now in the U.S., in places like California. Here’s what electricity supply looked like during an average day in California back in June: [image: A diagram of solar energy AI-generated content may be incorrect.] <https://substack.com/redirect/d819cea4-9949-4617-af6d-03816ec93d59?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Source <https://substack.com/redirect/5d1148fb-2fe1-4ac5-9dce-91cf1b3de5ea?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> What is the source of this breathtaking ignorance and hostility to progress? It’s natural to blame fossil fuel interests for the attacks on renewables and climate science. Moreover, we should not forget that Trump is an incredibly petty man who hates, hates the sight of offshore wind turbines from his Scottish golf course. But neither of those factors explain the administration’s crusade against vaccines, or the attacks on research and learning in many other areas. Closely related is Pete Hegseth’s embrace of stupidity — sorry, I mean the “warrior ethos” — as the key to military strength. This ignores the realities of 21st century warfare, currently visible to anyone paying attention to the war in Ukraine. On a modern battlefield, dominated by drones and precision artillery fire, tough-guy posturing is worse than useless. Special interests and Trump’s pettiness aside, my sense is that there’s something more visceral going on. A powerful faction in America has become deeply hostile to science and to expertise in general. As evidence, consider the extraordinary collapse in Republican support for higher education over the past decade: [image: A graph of the results of a political party AI-generated content may be incorrect.] <https://substack.com/redirect/1584eb6b-9196-4deb-9b51-d7f18e8ff6ac?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Source <https://substack.com/redirect/aee295b7-8811-4a7d-9b00-50f15401e522?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> Yet the truth is that hostility to science and expertise have always been part of the American tradition. Remember your history lesson on the Scopes Monkey Trial? It took a Supreme Court ruling <https://substack.com/redirect/35fef983-673b-44b3-8616-a3457185fab4?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o>, as recently as 2007, to stop politicians from forcing public schools to teach creationism. And with the current Supreme Court, who can be sure creationism won’t return? Anti-scientism is a widespread attitude on the religious right, which forms a key component of MAGA. In past decades, however, the forces of humanism and scientific inquiry were able to prevail against anti-scientism. In part this was due to the recognition that American science was essential for national security as well as national prosperity. But now we have an administration that claims to be protecting national security by imposing tariffs on kitchen cabinets and bathroom vanities <https://substack.com/redirect/dfd1caea-c762-4932-8e5d-c55735e1247d?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o>, while gutting the CDC and the EPA. Does this mean that the U.S. is losing the race with China for global leadership? No, I think that race is essentially over. Even if Trump and his team of saboteurs lose power in 2028, everything I see says that by then America will have fallen so far behind that it’s unlikely that we will ever catch up. MUSICAL CODA <https://substack.com/redirect/c0ae2402-2424-4bec-9a8d-188ec3ba74b0?j=eyJ1IjoiNngzbm4ifQ.I1PMvYo4mI3PquTDRhL5Dev-9_ouIq3kw6ZhrVNsy8o> *You’re currently a free subscriber to Paul Krugman. 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