In June 1998, John Kingston, a 43 year old man, was arrested and tried before the Utah court. He had been charged with driving his daughter to a remote location and beating her for running away from a polygamous marriage to his younger brother. Earlier this year, a Professor of Theology was quoted in the newspaper "Citizen" that South Africa should legalise polygamy for whites to beat the highest divorce rates in the world. Christina Landman, a member of the Conservative Dutch Reformed Church, also argued that fewer men were available due to wars etc. so the unmarried should select a married man and negotiate with his wife to become a part of the family. The media coverage of this story and US polygamy trials has continued to draw national and international attention to the issue of polygamy.
Polygamy is defined as a man having more than one wife. The concept of marriage has changed over time from 'divinely ordained' (Catholic) to John Lock's 'voluntary contract' and Marxist 'part of class struggle' to early feminists 'exploitation of the women'. Polygamy may have undergone similar, though not recognised, changes in its concept. 'Serial polygamy' is a repetitive cycle of marriage and divorce with the same/different woman. 'Practical polygamy' involves a married man supporting one/more mistresses or a single man having more than one relationship at the same time. Recent observations from the West suggest that marriage may be disappearing rather than merely changing in the advanced societies. On the other hand, a survey published in the US magazine 'Today' (1988) noted that the majority of 4,700 mistresses interviewed preferred being a second wife to their current status. Polygamy is as old as the human society. First recorded evidence goes back to ancient Israelites. King Solomon is said to have 700 wives and 300 concubines. King David had six wives and numerous concubines (1 Chronicles 3:1-3, 14:3) and King David's son, Rehoboam, had 18 wives and 60 concubines (2 Chronicles 11:21). Polygamy was practised throughout the Talmudic period and up until the 10th century. It was made impossible among Ashkanazi Jews in 1240 by Rabbi Gresham Judah 'unless permitted to do so by 100 rabbis from 3 countries'. However, it did not extend to countries where takkanah was not accepted, i.e., among Sephardic and Oriental communities. The Bible allows polygamy in the Old Testament and in the New Testament. The Old Testament has several references including Exodus 21: 10 which allow a man to marry an infinite number of women without any conditions. Similarly there is not a single verse in the New Testament prohibiting polygamy. In Matthew 22: 24-29, the Jews referred to Deuteronomy 25:5 (allowing polygamy) and brought it to the attention of Jesus, he did not condemn or prohibit it. "He who created them from the big womb made the male and the female and said 'for this course, a man shall leave his father and mother and shall cleave to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh' (Matthew 19: 4,5)" is usually quoted to promote monogamy. Some Churches and Bible scholars have argued that wives in a plural marriage are also "one flesh" with the husband individually. Furthermore, Christ lived 30 years of his life in a society that practised polygamy and never condemned it. Polygamy was actually introduced into the Church at the time of Paul to conform to Greco-Roman culture. In that culture, men were monogamous but free to own slaves (girls) and use them for pleasure. Most ancient cultures and religions in the world have allowed polygamy in one form or the other. Vedic Indians generally practise monogamy but Rig-Veda mentions the king's 4 wives. In Arthasastra, the Smertis and the Epic, the rule is that a man may have wives from his own caste and each of those below him. The modern rule also permits the husband to take as many wives without justification or consent on the part of his existing wives. Laws and customs in Japan forbid multiple marriages but not having concubines in any number. They occupy the position of secondary relatives. The tradition of polygamy is also alive among black Africans. The king of Swaziland has at least six wives. In a recent world wide ethnographic survey of 849 human societies, it was noted that 708 had polygamous customs (more than one wife), 4 polyandrous (more than one husband) and 137 monogamous. In recent years, the Mormon community in the USA has kept the issue of polygamy at the forefront of public knowledge. They have kept defying the US government's anti-polygamy legislation of 1882. Mormonism and its prophet, Joseph Smith, have preached and practised polygamy since the 1840's. Smith had difficulty in persuading his wife, Sarah, that God approved polygamy. However, the practice expanded after his death in 1844 and was adopted by the general church conference in 1852 as "honours means of providing marriage and motherhood for thousands of women who would otherwise have been condemned to spinsterhood." The US government enacted Morill Act (1862) making bigamy/polygamy a crime punishable by fine and 5 years in prison. The government had difficulty in obtaining testimonies about wedding ceremonies so Edmund's Act (1882) prohibited bigamous/polygamous cohabitation. Over 1300 Latter-day-Saints (Mormons) were jailed as "cohabs" in the 1880's. The church was threatened with members civil and property rights, and eventually won over. Since 1892, polygamists are excluded from the people eligible to immigrate to the USA. Muslims are the largest community in the world who continues to practise polygamy as a religious injunction. Its origins lie in the history of Islam and the Quran. Prophet Muhammad (saw) married Khatijah (rta), a 40 year old widow, when he was 25 himself. She died when he was 50 leaving four children behind. Consequently, he married another middle-aged widow Saudah (rta). Over the next decade, Muhammad (saw) contracted 9 marriages because of social (33:37), political and educational (33:34) purposes which helped him fulfil his mission as a messenger of God. This was an exceptional privilege with strict conditions (33:52) for him and his wives. For example, he was not allowed to divorce them. For Muslims in general, there is only one verse in Quran (Surah al-Nisa) that mentions polygamy 'And if you have reason to fear that you might not act equitably towards orphans, then marry from among women such as are lawful to you - two, or three or four:' (4:3). It is important to remember that the earlier verses in this Surah contain laws about women, orphans, property and inheritance, followed by laws pertaining to wars. In Arabic, the word "orphans" is used for children whose parents are no longer alive, and also for those females who are left alone for being unable to marry (obviously due to their circumstances). Thus the verse 4:3 refers to children as well as women without husbands including widows and unmarried. Now imagine the early Muslim community who migrated to Medina. It included Muslim women who left their non-Muslim husbands behind. In the subsequent eight years, Muslims fought at least three wars to defend themselves. This resulted in the loss of nearly 300 Muslim men, many of whom left wives and children (including young girls) behind. A mere 400 Muslim men were left in the community. This meant no possibility of marriage for a number of Muslim women (including widows) for they could not marry non-Muslims, Christians or Jews because of Quranic law. A social predicament prevailed which had the potential to destabilise this early Muslim community. A divine intervention in the form of revelation (verse 4:3) to Muhammad (saw) resolved it. This extraordinary solution saved many Muslim women from poverty, destitution and potential abuse in the society. However, this divine solution was not unconditional. The full verse (4:3) reads ".. But if you have reason to fear that you might not be able to treat them with equal fairness, then (marry only) one ¼". There are some other verses in Quran mentioning polygamy but they are specific to Prophet Muhammad (saw). Nonetheless, they allude to the difficulties in maintaining a balance in relationships within multiple marriages (4:129). The Quran does not allow more than one marriage under any circumstances or conditions except those mentioned above. A wife being chronically ill, childless or bearing a son/daughter (24:50) against the wishes of her husband etc. are not valid reasons to indulge in polygamy. The Quranic law allows a wife to be replaced through divorce (which has its own laws) but there is no permission to marry more than one woman normally. There is no justification for what happened due to this 'permission' for polygamy in the harems of Baghdad, Damascus, Spain and Turkey. Lane (1989) in his commentary on the Arabian society in the Middle Ages gives us a few glimpses. Mugeerah Ibne-Sheabeh married more than 80 women in the course of his life. Muhammad al-Tayib, a dyer of Baghdad (423 AH), is said to have married (and divorced) more than 900 women. The Sultan of Qatar, in the early part of this century, married a new wife every month or fortnight then divorced and placed her on pension. Times may have changed but polygamy is still rife among the rich Muslims, particularly in the Middle East. When the earth was young, polygamy was perhaps a way of populating it to carry out God's plan. By the time the Quran was revealed, the world was sufficiently populated so the first restrictions were placed on polygamy. The Church outlawed polygamy, and even the Latter-day-Saints (Mormons) recognised it over 100 years ago. The State of Israel made monogamy binding upon all Jews following a national rabianic conference in 1950. According to the Quranic injunction, polygamy is not an individual's choice; it is the responsibility of a society. As far as individuals are concerned, they are not permitted to marry more than one woman. Current law of polygamy in most Islamic countries contradicts the essential message of the Quran. It allows polygamy in conditions not mentioned or approved by the Quran. It is based on over a thousand year old unreliable traditions and flawed fiqqah invented by a corrupt clergy and maintained by the similar rulers. It is overdue that insightful Islamic states legislate by taking direct guidance from the Quran and address the genuine needs of civilised Muslim societies. Polygamy should be declared immoral and illegal unless conditions similar to Chechnya and Bosnia prevail whereupon the relevant states may apply the extraordinary permission granted in the Quran. Muslims have lived in the West and non-Muslim countries for a long time and adhered to monogamy without any dire consequences. It could improve the status and lives of millions of Muslim women if their Islamic governments follow suit. The alternative is status quo, which is a deliberate abuse of the rights given to women in the Quran. Consequently, Muslim marriages would continue to be labelled 'legalised concubinate' in civilised societies. *(by Tahira Parwez)* *" They would deceive God and those who have attained to faith - the while they deceive none but themselves, and perceive it not (2:9)" Al-Baqarah.* *References* * Twentieth Century Social Thought, Blackwell, 1994. * American Law Institute. Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Sec. 230.1. Philadelphia, 1980. * Encyclopaedia Judica, Vol. 4B, 1971. * Good News Bible. American Bible Society, 1976. New York. * The Mormon Experience, Alfred A. Knopt, Inc. USA. * The Message of The Quran, Dar Al-Andalus, Gibraltar. * Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, Curzon Press Ltd. 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