On Tue, 3 Jun 2003 16:04:53 +0200 "Didier Wiroth" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: [ ... ]
For a beginner (coming from a windows world) who doesn't know which shell is better, sorry more adequate, it is easier to have a sample config file, to start learning how to configure you shell!
Hi, Didier--
The standard shell under FreeBSD is the Bourne shell, or /bin/sh. (*) It's useful to know if only for the sake of comparison to other shells, since it's the standard reference.
BASH is closely related to the classic Bourne shell, and is sometimes installed as /bin/sh on some platforms-- various Linux flavors, mostly. The Korn shell, /bin/ksh or pdksh, is also compatible with the Bourne shell syntax and added named procedures, and was heavily used by SysV Unices like Solaris, particularly in their package installation and system startup scripts. I believe Microsoft also picked up a slightly(?) broken version of KSH for their POSIX environment under Windows NT and later.
Finally, I happen to use and recommend the Z Shell (/bin/zsh), which is being used as the default shell under Darwin and MacOS X; like bash, you can even install ZSH in place of /bin/sh. ZSH can emulate sh, bash, ksh, and even the csh/tcsh shells, and thus is one of the most configurable shells available.
As you may have gathered, there are two major groupings of shells, the /bin/sh family described above, and a second grouping consisting of the C shell (/bin/csh) and derivatives like /bin/tcsh, which is what FreeBSD comes with as an alternative to /bin/sh. At one time, /bin/sh was intended for shell scripts and was poorly suited for interactive use; /bin/csh was created with a lot more features and was more usable than the classic /bin/sh.
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(*): FreeBSD now uses something called the "Ash shell" as /bin/sh, which targets the POSIX shell standard and thus includes a number of interactive features that people like-- command.com + DOSKEYS? in Didier's frame of reference. These include command history, interactive filename completion, job control, named procedures, fancier substitution and env variable handling, etc.
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Unfortunately, /bin/csh suffered from a misguided attempt to blend the syntax of the C programming language with the Bourne shell syntax, and is not recommended for scripting use. (From the vantage of hindsight, "horribly misguided attempt" might be more accurate. :-) Also, trying to learn both SH and CSH at the same time is likely to be very confusing due to these differences.
-- -Chuck
PS: Here's some sample system-wide shell script examples:
# /etc/profile: system wide startup file for /bin/sh and friends. ##### # # This file sets critical environment variables exported to all processes, # such as the search path, user identity, process limits, umask, etc. # # Important: This file must not produce any output! Do **NOT** assume # the shell is interactive or attached to a terminal (tty). # # Copyright (c) 2003 Charles Swiger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> # $Id: profile,v 1.3 2003/05/16 04:03:28 chuck Exp $ ####
#### # ignore signals trap "" 2 3
# Default permissions. umask 022
# Set reasonable soft process limits. ulimit -Sc 0 ulimit -Sd 512000 ulimit -Ss 16384 ulimit -Sn 256 ulimit -Su 100
# Please note: Most platforms have the system hard resource limits # configured via OS-specific files like /etc/login.conf (BSD), # /etc/system (Solaris), compilation-time configuration of /etc/init, # /bin/sh, and/or the kernel. That is to say, changing the values # above without also tuning other aspects of the system-- appropriate # to the situation-- may not produce the results one would expect.
#### # Configure critical environment variables.
PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin" export PATH
# setup (unqualified) hostname if we can, else localhost
if [ "$HOST" = "" ]; then
HOST="`hostname | awk -F. '{print $1}'`"
if [ "$HOST" = "" ]; then
HOST="localhost"
fi
fi
export HOST# setup username
if [ "$USER" = "" ]; then
USER="`id -un`"
if [ "$USER" = "" ]; then
USER="`whoami`"
fi
fi
export USERUNAME_P="`uname -p`"; export UNAME_P UNAME_S="`uname -s`"; export UNAME_S BLOCKSIZE="K"; export BLOCKSIZE # inndf ergo sum RSYNC_RSH="ssh"; export RSYNC_RSH CVS_RSH="ssh"; export CVS_RSH # Add other protocols which can tunnel via rsh or ssh here. Per IESG # recommendations, unencrypted plain text passwords should be avoided.
####
# look for per-platform, per-machine, or per-user localizations
if [ -r /etc/profile."$UNAME_S" ]; then
. /etc/profile."$UNAME_S"
fi# Note: it might be reasonable to replace "elif" with "fi;if"
if [ -r /etc/profile_localhost ]; then
. /etc/profile_localhost
elif [ -r /etc/profile_"$HOST" ]; then
. /etc/profile_"$HOST"
fiif [ -r /etc/profile_"$USER" ]; then
. /etc/profile_"$USER"
fi#### # If this is a login or "su -" shell, perform more expensive tasks (once). # Note: do not enable a restricted/"-r"/-rsh shell in the following list.
case "$0" in -sh | -ksh | -jsh | -zsh | -bash | -csh | -tcsh | -pdksh)
if [ -r /etc/profile.login ]; then
. /etc/profile.login
fi
esac
trap 2 3 # fini ####
...and:
# /etc/profile.login: system wide startup file for login shells. ##### # # This file is invoked for "login" shells and should be used for more # expensive tasks or things appropriate for an interactive shell-- in # particular, commands that might produce output or depend on a tty. # # Copyright (c) 2003 Charles Swiger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> # $Id: profile.login,v 1.3 2003/05/17 02:55:12 chuck Exp $ ####
#### # ignore signals trap "" 2 3
#### # Normally, platform-specific stuff (like /etc/login.conf under BSD) # will configure the TERM environment variable for local console logins. # SSH and other forms of remote terminal access should pass TERM via # their environment. However, if TERM is not set by now, configure # for a generic 80-column ANSI terminal as a last resort.
if [ "$TERM" = "" ]; then
TERM=ansi
fi####
# Note: this section is for interactive shells.
case $- in *i*)
eval `tset -s` 2> /dev/null
if [ ! -f .hushlogin ]; then# IMPORTANT: place commands that might produce output here. quota -q mesg y msgs -fp 2> /dev/null uptime
# allow the user to break the Message-Of-The-Day display. #trap "trap '' 2" 2 #/bin/cat -s /etc/motd #trap '' 2
fi esac
trap 2 3 # fini ####
PPS: Anyone read this far? More? :-)
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