My understanding is that there are two major differences between POP and IMAP.  
The first is that POP only allows one-way communication (downloading from the 
server to the client) so there is no synchronization mechanism.  If you 
download the same e-mail to multiple devices, each one can be set up 
differently (specifically in terms of folders).  When you want to send mail, 
you must use a different protocol (SMTP).

The second difference is that IMAP is designed to be used in a client-server 
configuration where the e-mails stay stored on the server and are never 
actually downloaded (at least not permanently) to the client.  That allows 
access to the same e-mail account from multiple devices and there is only one 
"real" copy of the e-mail (stored on the server).  Programs like MS Outlook can 
store a local cached version of the e-mail, and there can be a lot of 
complication involved in making sure the cache stays synchronized with reality 
(what's on the server is "reality").

There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach.


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