Sorry for asking this, but how have you confirmed that the input water temperature was 20DegC and not say 95DegC ? Instrumentation can be manipulated.
On Tue, Jan 18, 2011 at 9:21 PM, Rich Murray <[email protected]> wrote: > a challenge for skeptics -- hidden H2 source would have to supply > 36--216 kg H2 to make Rossi heat: Rich Murray 2011.01.18 > > [ Rich Murray: "100 to 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale", > which may be 0.1 gm, gives 10 -- 60 gm/second ranges of H2 used -- > 36,000 -- 216,000 gm = 36 -- 216 kg H2 -- that would be a lot to deliver from > a > hidden source... ] > > " The first measurements Levi described were energy measurements to > determine the > input of energy inside the reactor and the output of energy of the > reactor. “I don't have > conclusive data on radiation but absolutely we have measured ~12 kW > (at steady state) of > energy produced with an input of about just 400 watts. I would say > this is the main result. > We have seen also this energy was not of chemical origin, by checking > the consumption > of hydrogen. There was no measurable hydrogen consumption, at least > with our mass 2 > measurement.” By measuring with a very sensitive scale, within a > precision of a 10 th > of a gram, Levi measured the weight of the hydrogen bottle before and > after the experiment > “If the energy was of chemical origin you would have expected to > consume about 100 to > 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale. You measure the bottle > before and after and > then you see in your measurements there was almost no hydrogen consumed.” " > > > > http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MacyMspecificso.pdf > > Macy, M., Specifics of Andrea Rossi's "Energy Catalyzer" Test, > University of Bologna, January 14, 2011. > 2011, LENR-CANR.org. > > Specifics of Andrea Rossi’s “Energy Catalyzer” Test, > University of Bologna, 1/14/2001 > > Marianne Macy > > On January 14, 2011, Andrea Rossi submitted his “Energy Catalyzer” > reactor, which > burns hydrogen in a nickel catalyst, for examination by scientists at > the University of > Bologna and The INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics). > The test was > organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi of INFN and the University of Bologna > and was assisted > by other members of the physics and chemistry faculties. This result > was achieved > without the production of any measurable nuclear radiation. The > magnitude of this result > suggests that there is a viable energy technology that uses commonly > available materials, > that does not produce carbon dioxide, and that does not produce > radioactive waste and > will be economical to build. > > The reactor used less than 1 gram of hydrogen, less than 1,000 W of > electricity to > convert 292 grams of water per minute at ~20°C into dry steam at > ~101°C. The unit was > turned ON and began producing some steam in a few minutes, and once it > reached steady > state continued producing steam until it was turned OFF. The amount of > power required > to heat water 80°C and convert it to steam is approximately 12,000 > watts. Dr. Levi and > his team will be producing a technical report detailing the design and > execution of their > evaluation. > > A representative of the investment group stated that they were looking > to produce a > 20 kW unit and that within two months they would make a public announcement. > He > declared that their completed studies revealed a “huge, favorable > difference in numbers” > between the cost to produce the Rossi Catalyzer and other green > technologies. “We had a > similar demonstration six months ago with the same success we’ve had > today. We are > almost ready with the industrialized product, which we think is going > to be a revolution. > It is a totally green energy.” The representative offered that the > company was called > Defkalion Energy, named for the father of the Greco Roman empire, and > was based in > Athens. > > Giuseppe Levi, PhD in nuclear physics at the University of Bologna and > who works at > INFN, offers exclusive comments on the test, which he deemed “an open > experiment for > physicists. The idea was like a conference: to tell everybody what was > going on and > eventually to start new research programs on that topic.” > > The first measurements Levi described were energy measurements to determine > the > input of energy inside the reactor and the output of energy of the > reactor. “I don't have > conclusive data on radiation but absolutely we have measured ~12 kW > (at steady state) of > energy produced with an input of about just 400 watts. I would say > this is the main result. > We have seen also this energy was not of chemical origin, by checking > the consumption > of hydrogen. There was no measurable hydrogen consumption, at least > with our mass 2 > measurement.” By measuring with a very sensitive scale, within a > precision of a 10 th > of a gram, Levi measured the weight of the hydrogen bottle before and > after the experiment > “If the energy was of chemical origin you would have expected to > consume about 100 to > 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale. You measure the bottle > before and after and > then you see in your measurements there was almost no hydrogen consumed.” > > [ Rich Murray: "100 to 600 more than the sensitivity of the scale", > which may be 0.1 gm, gives 10 -- 60 gm/second ranges of H2 used -- > 36,000 -- 216,000 gm = 36 -- 216 kg H2 -- that would be a lot to deliver from > a > hidden source... ] > > The workings of the Rossi reactor was, Levi explained, unknown to them > because of > “industry secrets.” He said: “What we've done is to measure the water > in the flux and we > are heating and making steam for that water. We are measuring the water flux > and > carefully checking that all the water was converted into steam, then > it is easy to calculate > power that was generated. You are measuring the power that was going > in the system by > quite a sensitive power meter. Initially the system started up and we > had 1 kW of input > and then we reduce the input to just 400 W. The output energy was > constant at about > 12 kW.” > > The flow rate, Levi continued, was measured with a high precision > scale. “The flow > rate was 146 g in 30 seconds. Using a simple measurement gives a > simple result. There > was a pump putting in a constant flux and what I have done is – with the > reactor > completely off take measurements – we spent two weeks of the water that > flowing > through the system to be certain of our calibration. After this > calibration period I have > checked that the pump was not touched and when we brought it here for > the experiment it > was giving the same quantity of water during all the experiment. The > water was coming > from an Edison well and the pump was putting it in the system. Then we > were releasing > the steam into the atmosphere; there was not a loop.” > > To determine if the steam was coming out dry and at atmospheric > pressure, Professor > Gallatini, a specialist in Thermochemics and a former head of the > Chemical Society of > Italy, verified that all the water came out as steam. “There was no > water in the steam,” > Levi certified. “The outer temperature measured was 101° centigrade at > atmospheric > pressure.” The instrument he used was a Delta OHM # HD37AB1347 Indoor > Air Quality > Monitor. Gallantini inserted the probe inside the exit pipe with the steam. > > Levi was asked: How did you compute the thermal energy production by the > Energy > Catalyzer (ECat)? > He responded, “The calculation is very, very simple. Because you know > the number of > grams of water per second delivered to the ECat you know you must > raise the water to > 100°C, this is the transient phase of operation. Once the water is at > 100°C the energy is > used to make the water into steam. It takes 2272 joules per gram to > convert water at > 100°C to steam. Because the ECat provided more energy the steam became hotter, > 101°C. So our conservative estimate of the steady state thermal output > of the ECat, > neglecting thermal radiation and other losses, is just 2272 joules per > gram multiplied by > the 4.9 grams per second = 11, 057 joules per second or Watts. When > you realize that you > have to add the energy to raise the temperature of the water you get > by about 80°C and > the steam by another 1°C the total thermal power the ECat releasing is > about 12,400 > Watts. These are not our refined estimate but they indicate that the > input electrical power > of 400 W produces using an amount of hydrogen less than a gram in a > couple hours of > operation we are seeing a system with a power gain = 12,400/400 = 31.” > > ============================================================ > FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv > Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College > lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org > ============================================================ FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org
