Brad McCormick wrote: I don't have time at the moment to round up my documentation, but psychiatry was "doing quite well, thank you", at least in France, and the United States (e.g., the Quakers) in the 19th Century. If Hitler came close (as a remarkable recent New York Times article argued) to becoming a patient of Freud, one of Freud's teachers "could" have treated Karl Marx. Marx died 1883. Breuer's treatment of Anna O. ended "early in June 1882, and the following November" Freud learned of it Well, according to my memory, not very reliable at the best of times, Marx was publishing his Manifesto around 1840, he was poor as a church mouse in a poor parish and if Engel's had not given him a few bucks now and then could have starved to death. I know Freud was supposed to be the father of psychoanalysis, but to the best of my knowledge, this is considered different from psychiatry. He was crazy in my opinion in the manner of obsession, any sane person would have went to work in the spinning mills and died an early death. Of course, if you works get quoted enough you get called a genius. Respectfully, Thomas Lunde PS I realize I should never trade references with you, it's like a frigate attacking an aircraft carrier, maybe I need a little "psychiatry".