R.M. Titmus in his book, The Gift Relationship, reports his findings
that
money payments for blood have resulted in a number of anti-social
developments: erosion of community, lowering of
scientific standards, increasing levels of unethical behaviour
(e.g. lying about one's health history), and proportionately
more blood being supplied by the poor, unskilled and unemployed.
In his Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust
Relations, Alan Fox discusses studies that suggest that submission
of papers to professional, non-paying journals is a
form of gift giving. Inclusion of publication in a merit scheme
may then have effects similar to those resulting from the
payment of blood money. There is pressure to publish on those
whose talents lie elsewhere; there is pressure toward
interpersonal competition rather than cooperation (which, following
the old "divide and conquer" dictum, can work to the
advantage of administrators); there is pressure to substitute
economic rationality for moral responsibility. Thus it appears
that if one is to do more than pay lip service to the ideal of
mutual trust, one must evaluate carefully the possibly
counter-productive effects of concurrent policies.
Source: http://publish.uwo.ca/~mcdaniel/chair.html
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http://publish.uwo.ca/~mcdaniel/
