September 8, 2011 NY Times
Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64 By WILLIAM GRIMES <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/william_grimes /index.html?inline=nyt-per> Michael Hart, who was widely credited with creating the first e-book when he typed the Declaration of Independence into a computer on July 4, 1971, and in so doing laid the foundations for Project Gutenberg <http://www.gutenberg.org/> , the oldest and largest digital library, was found dead on Tuesday at his home in Urbana, Ill. He was 64. His death was confirmed by Gregory B. Newby, the chief executive and director of Project Gutenberg, who said that the cause had not yet been determined. Mr. Hart found his life's mission when the University of Illinois, where he was a student, gave him a user's account on a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer <http://www.computerhistory.org/VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_frame.php?tax _id=03.02.03.00> at the school's Materials Research Lab. Estimating that the computer time in his possession was worth $100 million, Mr. Hart began thinking of a project that might justify that figure. Data processing, the principal application of computers at the time, did not capture his imagination. Information sharing did. After attending a July 4 fireworks display, he stopped in at a grocery store and received, with his purchase, a copy of the Declaration of Independence printed on parchment. He typed the text, intending to send it as an e-mail to the users of Arpanet, the government-sponsored precursor to today's Internet, but was dissuaded by a colleague who warned that the message would crash the system. Instead, he posted a notice that the text could be downloaded, and Project Gutenberg was born. Its goal, formulated by Mr. Hart, was "to encourage the creation and distribution of e-books" and, by making books available to computer users at no cost, "to help break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy." Over the next decade, working alone, Mr. Hart typed the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, the King James Bible and "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" into the project database, the first tentative steps in a revolution that would usher in what he liked to call the fifth information age, a world of e-books, hand-held electronic devices like the Nook and Kindle, and unprecedented individual access to texts on a vast array of Internet archives. Today, Project Gutenberg lists more than 30,000 books in 60 languages, with the emphasis on titles of interest to the general reader in three categories: "light literature," "heavy literature" and reference works. In a 2006 e-mail <http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2011/09/michael-hart-1947- --2011-prophet-of-abundance/> to the technology writer Glyn Moody, he predicted that there would be a billion e-books in 2021, Project Gutenberg's 50th anniversary, and that, thanks to advances in memory chips, "you will be able to carry all billion e-books in one hand." Nearly all the books are in the public domain, although a relatively small number of copyrighted books are reproduced with the permission of the copyright owner. The library includes two books by Mr. Hart: "A Brief History of the Internet" and "Poems and Tales from Romania." "It's a paradigm shift," he told Searcher magazine in 2002. "It's the power of one person, alone in their basement, being able to type in their favorite books and give it to millions or billions of people. It just wasn't even remotely possible before; not even the Gideons can say they have given away a billion Bibles in the past year." Michael Stern Hart was born on March 8, 1947, in Tacoma, Wash. His father was an accountant; his mother, a cryptanalyst during World War II, was the business manager for a high-end women's store. The couple retrained to become university teachers and in 1958 found posts at the University of Illinois, in Urbana, where his father taught Shakespeare and his mother taught mathematics. Michael began attending lectures at the university before entering high school and, following a course of individual study on human-machine interfaces, earned a bachelor of science degree in 1973. Work on Project Gutenberg proceeded slowly at first. Adding perhaps a book a month, Mr. Hart had created only 313 e-books by 1997. "I was just waiting for the world to realize I'd knocked it over," he told Searcher. "You've heard of 'cow-tipping'? The cow had been tipped over, but it took it 17 years for it to wake up and say, 'Moo.' " The pace picked up when he and Mark Zinzow, a programmer at the University of Illinois, recruited volunteers through the school's PC User Group and set up mirror sites to provide multiple sources for the project. Shrewdly, Mr. Hart included books like "Zen and the Art of the Internet" and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet" to expand the audience for the project's books. Today, relying on the work of volunteers who scan and proofread without pay, the project adds to its list at the rate of hundreds of books each month. Even in the project's early stages, Mr. Hart envisioned it in revolutionary terms. Borrowing a term from "Star Trek," he referred to e-books as just one form of replicator technology that would, in the future, allow for the infinite reproduction of things as well as words, overturning all established power structures and ushering in an age of universal abundance. One hurdle on the road to the diffusion of knowledge was the Copyright Term Extension Act, passed in 1998. The act, sponsored by the California congressman and former pop singer Sonny Bono, removed a million e-books from the public domain by extending the copyright by 20 years. Under United States law, the average copyright now lasts for 95.5 years. Lawrence Lessig, then a law professor at Stanford University (and now at Harvard), approached Mr. Hart to see if he would be interested in taking part in a constitutional challenge to the law. He met Mr. Hart in a pizza parlor in Urbana, where, Mr. Lessig recalled in a telephone conversation on Thursday, Mr. Hart added a thick layer of sugar to his pizza while explaining that he saw the case as much more than a test of copyright law. It offered, as he saw it, a way to challenge the entire social and economic system of the United States. Mr. Lessig, looking for a somewhat less visionary lead plaintiff, eventually enlisted Eric Eldred, the owner of Eldritch Press, a Web site that reprints work in the public domain. In 2003, in Eldred v. Ashcroft, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the copyright extension act. Mr. Hart is survived by his mother, Alice, of Fort Belvoir, Va., and a brother, Bennett, of Manassas, Va. This article has been revised to reflect the following correction: Correction: September 9, 2011 An earlier version misstated the source for the term replicator, which Mr. Hart adopted to describe how e-books would allow for the infinite reproduction of books. It comes from the television show "Star Trek," not the film "Star Wars."
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