https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=121702
--- Comment #4 from Nathaniel Shead <nshead at gcc dot gnu.org> --- The rules for what names are considered exported are here https://eel.is/c++draft/module.interface#1: > An export-declaration has the declarative effects of its > name-declaration, declaration-seq (if any), or module-import-declaration. And in particular, a using-directive doesn't introduce any names (https://eel.is/c++draft/namespace.udir#4), it just affects name lookup behaviour. So I don't think exporting one should introduce any names either.