The attached patch implements a check for F2015:C830.
The wording of the F2008:C531 is nearly identical, but
the restriction on BLOCK is noted in the normative test.
The 3 lines in the new testcase show be sufficient to
see the issue.  In regression testing, I needed to 
adjust the regex pattern in a few existing test because
it seems my patch now catches the problem earlier.

Regression tested on x86_64-*-freebsd.  OK to commit?

2018-01-26  Steven G. Kargl  <ka...@gcc.gnu.org>

        PR fortran/83633
        * decl.c (variable_decl): Check that an explicit-shape-array with
        nonconstant bounds is allowed.
 
2018-01-26  Steven G. Kargl  <ka...@gcc.gnu.org>

        PR fortran/83633
        * gfortran.dg/explicit_shape_1.f90: New test.
        * gfortran.dg/automatic_module_variable.f90: Update regex.
        * gfortran.dg/bad_automatic_objects_1.f90: Ditto.
        * gfortran.dg/constant_shape.f90: Ditto.
        * gfortran.dg/dec_structure_23.f90: Ditto.
        * gfortran.dg/pr78240.f90: Ditto.

-- 
Steve
Index: gcc/fortran/decl.c
===================================================================
--- gcc/fortran/decl.c	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/fortran/decl.c	(working copy)
@@ -2280,7 +2280,10 @@ variable_decl (int elem)
   /* At this point, we know for sure if the symbol is PARAMETER and can thus
      determine (and check) whether it can be implied-shape.  If it
      was parsed as assumed-size, change it because PARAMETERs can not
-     be assumed-size.  */
+     be assumed-size.
+
+     An explicit-shape-array cannot appear under several conditions.
+     That check is done here as well.  */
   if (as)
     {
       if (as->type == AS_IMPLIED_SHAPE && current_attr.flavor != FL_PARAMETER)
@@ -2302,6 +2305,44 @@ variable_decl (int elem)
 	  m = MATCH_ERROR;
 	  goto cleanup;
 	}
+
+      /* F2015:C830 (R816) An explicit-shape-spec whose bounds are not
+	 constant expressions shall appear only in a subprogram, derived
+	 type definition, BLOCK construct, or interface body.  */
+      if (as->type == AS_EXPLICIT
+	  && gfc_current_state () != COMP_BLOCK
+	  && gfc_current_state () != COMP_DERIVED
+	  && gfc_current_state () != COMP_FUNCTION
+	  && gfc_current_state () != COMP_INTERFACE
+	  && gfc_current_state () != COMP_SUBROUTINE)
+	{
+	  gfc_expr *e;
+	  bool not_constant = false;
+
+	  for (int i = 0; i < as->rank + as->corank; i++)
+	    {
+	      e = gfc_copy_expr (as->lower[i]);
+	      gfc_resolve_expr (e);
+	      gfc_simplify_expr (e, 0);
+	      if (e && (e->expr_type != EXPR_CONSTANT))
+		not_constant = true;
+	      gfc_free_expr (e);
+
+	      e = gfc_copy_expr (as->upper[i]);
+	      gfc_resolve_expr (e);
+	      gfc_simplify_expr (e, 0);
+	      if (e && (e->expr_type != EXPR_CONSTANT))
+		not_constant = true;
+	      gfc_free_expr (e);
+	    }
+
+	  if (not_constant)
+	    { 
+	      gfc_error ("Explicit shaped array with nonconstant bounds at %C");
+	      m = MATCH_ERROR;
+	      goto cleanup;
+	    }
+	}
     }
 
   char_len = NULL;
@@ -2421,6 +2462,7 @@ variable_decl (int elem)
       && gfc_current_block ()->result
       && strcmp ("ppr@", gfc_current_block ()->result->name) == 0)
     strcpy (name, "ppr@");
+
 
   /* OK, we've successfully matched the declaration.  Now put the
      symbol in the current namespace, because it might be used in the
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/explicit_shape_1.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/explicit_shape_1.f90	(nonexistent)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/explicit_shape_1.f90	(working copy)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+! { dg-do compile }
+! PR fortran/83633
+! Original testcase by Nathan T. Weeks  <weeks at iastate dot edu>
+!
+integer :: A(command_argument_count()) = 1 ! { dg-error "nonconstant bounds" }
+write (*,*) A
+end
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/automatic_module_variable.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/automatic_module_variable.f90	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/automatic_module_variable.f90	(working copy)
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 ! { dg-do compile }
 ! Tests fix for PR15976
 !
+! Error message update with patch for PR fortran/83633
+!
 module sd
   integer, parameter :: n = 20
   integer :: i(n)
-  integer :: j(m) ! { dg-error "must have constant shape" }
+  integer :: j(m) ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
   integer, pointer :: p(:)
   integer, allocatable :: q(:)
 contains
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/bad_automatic_objects_1.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/bad_automatic_objects_1.f90	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/bad_automatic_objects_1.f90	(working copy)
@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@
 !
 ! Contributed by Joost VandeVondele  <jv...@cam.ac.uk>
 !
+! Error message update with patch for PR fortran/83633
+!
 module foo
   integer    ::  i
 end module foo
 module bar
   use foo
-  integer, dimension (i) :: j ! { dg-error "must have constant shape" }
+  integer, dimension (i) :: j ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
   character (len = i) :: c1   ! { dg-error "must have constant character length" }
 end module bar
 program foobar
   use foo
-  integer, dimension (i) :: k ! { dg-error "must have constant shape" }
+  integer, dimension (i) :: k ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
   character (len = i) :: c2   ! { dg-error "must have constant character length" }
 end program foobar
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/constant_shape.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/constant_shape.f90	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/constant_shape.f90	(working copy)
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 ! PR 78392: ICE in gfc_trans_auto_array_allocation, at fortran/trans-array.c:5979
 !
 ! Contributed by Janus Weil <ja...@gcc.gnu.org>
-
+! Error message update with patch for PR fortran/83633
+!
 module mytypes
    implicit none
  contains
@@ -15,6 +16,6 @@ end module
 program test
   use mytypes
   implicit none
-  integer, dimension(get_i()) :: x  ! { dg-error "must have constant shape" }
-  print *, size (x)
+  integer, dimension(get_i()) :: x  ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
+  print *, size (x)                 ! { dg-error "has no IMPLICIT type" }
 end
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/dec_structure_23.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/dec_structure_23.f90	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/dec_structure_23.f90	(working copy)
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@
 ! Test a regression where an ICE occurred attempting to create array variables
 ! with non-constant array-specs in legacy clist initializers.
 !
-
+! Error message update with patch for PR fortran/83633
+!
 program p
   implicit none
   integer :: nn
   real :: rr
   structure /s/
-    integer x(n)    /1/   ! { dg-error "xpected constant" }
-    integer xx(nn)  /1/   ! { dg-error "xpected constant" }
-    integer xxx(rr) /1.0/ ! { dg-error "xpected constant" }
+    integer x(n)    /1/   ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
+    integer xx(nn)  /1/   ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
+    integer xxx(rr) /1.0/ ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
   end structure
 end
Index: gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/pr78240.f90
===================================================================
--- gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/pr78240.f90	(revision 257103)
+++ gcc/testsuite/gfortran.dg/pr78240.f90	(working copy)
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@
 ! to the error handling routine for non-constant array-specs in DATA list
 ! initializers.
 !
-
+! Error message update with patch for PR fortran/83633
+!
 program p
-  integer x(n)    /1/   ! { dg-error "cannot appear in the expression" }
+  integer x(n)    /1/   ! { dg-error "array with nonconstant bounds" }
 end
 ! { dg-prune-output "module or main program" }
 ! { dg-prune-output "Nonconstant array" }

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