Add __detail::__chrono_write which formats a chrono object into a
128-byte stack buffer via std::format_to_n with _S_empty_fs(), then
writes through __ostream_insert.  All chrono operator<< overloads
now use this helper instead of hand-rolled format strings or
basic_stringstream construction.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

        * include/bits/chrono_io.h (__formatter_chrono::_S_empty_fs):
        Make public.
        (__detail::__chrono_write): New function template.
        (operator<<): Use __chrono_write consistently for all chrono
        types.

Signed-off-by: Anlai Lu <[email protected]>
---
 libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h | 227 ++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 178 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h 
b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
index f8bb485d1..a07543bab 100644
--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/chrono_io.h
@@ -884,11 +884,13 @@ namespace __format
       static constexpr const _CharT* _S_minus_empty_spec = _S_chars + 17;
       static constexpr const _CharT* _S_empty_spec = _S_chars + 18;
 
+    public:
       [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
       static _Dynamic_format_string<_CharT>
       _S_empty_fs()
       { return _Dynamic_format_string<_CharT>(_S_empty_spec); }
 
+    protected:
       static constexpr const _CharT* _S_weekdays[]
       {
        _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("Sunday"),
@@ -3607,6 +3609,28 @@ namespace __detail
        }
     }
 
+  // Format into a stack buffer via std::format_to_n with the empty
+  // chrono-spec (_S_empty_fs), then write through __ostream_insert.
+  // The empty spec lets each formatter use its __defSpec, producing
+  // output equivalent to the corresponding operator<<.
+  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Arg,
+          typename... _OptLocale>
+    inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    __chrono_write(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+                  const _Arg& __arg, const _OptLocale&... __loc)
+    {
+      static_assert(sizeof...(_OptLocale) <= 1);
+      using _Fmt = __format::__formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+      constexpr size_t __bufsize = 128;
+      _CharT __buf[__bufsize];
+      auto __res = std::format_to_n(__buf, __bufsize, __loc...,
+                                   _Fmt::_S_empty_fs(), __arg);
+      if (static_cast<size_t>(__res.size) <= __bufsize) [[likely]]
+       return std::__ostream_insert(__os, __buf, __res.size);
+      auto __s = std::format(__loc..., _Fmt::_S_empty_fs(), __arg);
+      return std::__ostream_insert(__os, __s.data(), __s.size());
+    }
+
 } // namespace __detail
 /// @endcond
 
@@ -3629,14 +3653,7 @@ namespace __detail
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const day& __d)
     {
-      using _Ctx = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
-      using _Str = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
-      _Str __s = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:02d} is not a valid day");
-      if (__d.ok())
-       __s = __s.substr(0, 6);
-      auto __u = (unsigned)__d;
-      __os << std::vformat(__s, make_format_args<_Ctx>(__u));
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __d);
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3657,18 +3674,7 @@ namespace __detail
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month& __m)
     {
-      using _Ctx = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
-      using _Str = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
-      _Str __s = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%b}{} is not a valid month");
-      if (__m.ok())
-       __os << std::vformat(__os.getloc(), __s.substr(0, 6),
-                            make_format_args<_Ctx>(__m));
-      else
-       {
-         auto __u = (unsigned)__m;
-         __os << std::vformat(__s.substr(6), make_format_args<_Ctx>(__u));
-       }
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __m, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3689,18 +3695,7 @@ namespace __detail
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year& __y)
     {
-      using _Ctx = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
-      using _Str = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
-      _Str __s = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("-{:04d} is not a valid year");
-      if (__y.ok())
-       __s = __s.substr(0, 7);
-      int __i = (int)__y;
-      if (__i >= 0) [[likely]]
-       __s.remove_prefix(1);
-      else
-       __i = -__i;
-      __os << std::vformat(__s, make_format_args<_Ctx>(__i));
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __y);
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3721,18 +3716,7 @@ namespace __detail
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const weekday& __wd)
     {
-      using _Ctx = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
-      using _Str = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
-      _Str __s = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%a}{} is not a valid weekday");
-      if (__wd.ok())
-       __os << std::vformat(__os.getloc(), __s.substr(0, 6),
-                            make_format_args<_Ctx>(__wd));
-      else
-       {
-         auto __c = __wd.c_encoding();
-         __os << std::vformat(__s.substr(6), make_format_args<_Ctx>(__c));
-       }
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __wd, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3754,23 +3738,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const weekday_indexed& __wdi)
     {
-      // The standard says to format wdi.weekday() and wdi.index() using
-      // either "{:L}[{}]" or "{:L}[{} is not a valid index]". The {:L} spec
-      // means to format the weekday using ostringstream, so just do that.
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __wdi.weekday();
-      const auto __i = __wdi.index();
-      basic_string_view<_CharT> __s
-       = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("[ is not a valid index]");
-      __os2 << __s[0];
-      __os2 << std::format(_GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{}"), __i);
-      if (__i >= 1 && __i <= 5)
-       __os2 << __s.back();
-      else
-       __os2 << __s.substr(1);
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __wdi, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -3778,29 +3746,14 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const weekday_last& __wdl)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{:L}[last]"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __wdl.weekday() << _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("[last]");
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __wdl, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month_day& __md)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{:L}/{}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __md.month();
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __os2 << '/';
-      else
-       __os2 << L'/';
-      __os2 << __md.day();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __md, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3824,12 +3777,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const month_day_last& __mdl)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{:L}/last"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __mdl.month() << _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("/last");
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __mdl, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -3837,17 +3785,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const month_weekday& __mwd)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{:L}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __mwd.month();
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __os2 << '/';
-      else
-       __os2 << L'/';
-      __os2 << __mwd.weekday_indexed();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __mwd, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -3855,34 +3793,14 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const month_weekday_last& __mwdl)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{:L}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __mwdl.month();
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __os2 << '/';
-      else
-       __os2 << L'/';
-      __os2 << __mwdl.weekday_last();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __mwdl, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month& __ym)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __ym.year();
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __os2 << '/';
-      else
-       __os2 << L'/';
-      __os2 << __ym.month();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __ym, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3906,12 +3824,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const year_month_day& __ymd)
     {
-      using _Ctx = __format::__format_context<_CharT>;
-      using _Str = basic_string_view<_CharT>;
-      _Str __s = _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:%F} is not a valid date");
-      __os << std::vformat(__ymd.ok() ? __s.substr(0, 5) : __s,
-                          make_format_args<_Ctx>(__ymd));
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __ymd);
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
@@ -3936,17 +3849,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const year_month_day_last& __ymdl)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by "{}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      __os2 << __ymdl.year();
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __os2 << '/';
-      else
-       __os2 << L'/';
-      __os2 << __ymdl.month_day_last();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __ymdl, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -3954,19 +3857,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const year_month_weekday& __ymwd)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by
-      // "{}/{:L}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      _CharT __slash;
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __slash = '/';
-      else
-       __slash = L'/';
-      __os2 << __ymwd.year() << __slash << __ymwd.month() << __slash
-           << __ymwd.weekday_indexed();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __ymwd, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
@@ -3974,19 +3865,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const year_month_weekday_last& __ymwdl)
     {
-      // As above, just write straight to a stringstream, as if by
-      // "{}/{:L}/{:L}"
-      basic_stringstream<_CharT> __os2;
-      __os2.imbue(__os.getloc());
-      _CharT __slash;
-      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
-       __slash = '/';
-      else
-       __slash = L'/';
-      __os2 << __ymwdl.year() << __slash << __ymwdl.month() << __slash
-           << __ymwdl.weekday_last();
-      __os << __os2.view();
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __ymwdl, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration>
@@ -3994,7 +3873,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const hh_mm_ss<_Duration>& __hms)
     {
-      return __os << format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%T}"), __hms);
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __hms, __os.getloc());
     }
 
 #if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI || ! _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI
@@ -4003,7 +3882,7 @@ namespace __detail
     basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_info& __i)
     {
-      return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{}"), __i);
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __i, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   /// Writes a local_info object to an ostream in an unspecified format.
@@ -4033,8 +3912,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const zoned_time<_Duration, _TimeZonePtr>& __t)
     {
-      __os << format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T %Z}"), __t);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __t, __os.getloc());
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -4045,16 +3923,14 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp)
     {
-      __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T}"), __tp);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __tp, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
     inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_days& __dp)
     {
-      __os << year_month_day{__dp};
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __dp);
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
@@ -4090,8 +3966,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const utc_time<_Duration>& __t)
     {
-      __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T}"), __t);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __t, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
@@ -4125,8 +4000,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const tai_time<_Duration>& __t)
     {
-      __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T}"), __t);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __t, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
@@ -4164,8 +4038,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const gps_time<_Duration>& __t)
     {
-      __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T}"), __t);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __t, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
@@ -4202,8 +4075,7 @@ namespace __detail
     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const file_time<_Duration>& __t)
     {
-      __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _GLIBCXX_WIDEN("{:L%F %T}"), __t);
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __t, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
@@ -4228,8 +4100,7 @@ namespace __detail
     // 4257. Stream insertion for chrono::local_time should be constrained
     requires requires(const sys_time<_Duration>& __st) { __os << __st; }
     {
-      __os << sys_time<_Duration>{__lt.time_since_epoch()};
-      return __os;
+      return __detail::__chrono_write(__os, __lt, __os.getloc());
     }
 
   template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Duration,
-- 
2.34.1


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