The United States and Japan Before World War IIHow Diplomacy Cascaded Into War
- Share - Flipboard - Email PRINT [image: Japanese Navy Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura sitting with the United States Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, Washington DC, February, 1941.] <https://www.thoughtco.com/the-us-and-japan-before-world-war-ii-3310162#> Underwood Archives / Getty Images [image: Ideas and Issues] <https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022> bySteve Jones <https://www.thoughtco.com/steve-jones-bio-3310005> Updated July 03, 2019 On December 7, 1941, nearly 90 years of American-Japanese diplomatic relations spiraled into World War II in the Pacific. That diplomatic collapse is the story of how the foreign policies of the two nations forced each other into war. History U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry <https://www.thoughtco.com/commodore-matthew-c-perry-2361153> opened American trade relations with Japan in 1854. President Theodore Roosevelt brokered a 1905 peace treaty in the Russo-Japanese War <https://www.thoughtco.com/russo-japanese-war-battle-of-tsushima-2361199>that was favorable to Japan, and the two had signed a Commerce and Navigation Treaty in 1911. Japan had also sided with the U.S., Great Britain, and France during World War I. During that time, Japan also embarked on an empire that it modeled greatly after the British Empire. Japan made no secret that it wanted economic control of the Asia-Pacific region. By 1931, however, U.S.-Japanese relations had soured. Japan's civilian government, unable to cope with the strains of the global Great Depression, had given way to a militarist government. The new regime was prepared to strengthen Japan by forcibly annexing areas in the Asia-Pacific, and it started with China. Japan Attacks China Also in 1931, the Japanese army launched attacks on Manchuria <https://www.thoughtco.com/where-is-manchuria-195353>, quickly subduing it. Japan announced that it had annexed Manchuria and renamed it "Manchukuo." The U.S. refused to diplomatically acknowledge the addition of Manchuria to Japan, and Secretary of State Henry Stimson said as much in the so-called "Stimson Doctrine." That response, however, was only diplomatic. The U.S. threatened no military or economic retaliation. In truth, the United States did not want to disrupt its lucrative trade with Japan. In addition to a variety of consumer goods, the U.S. supplied resource-poor Japan with most of its scrap iron and steel. Most importantly, it sold Japan 80% of its oil. In a series of naval treaties in the 1920s, the United States and Great Britain had endeavored to limit the size of Japan's naval fleet. However, they had made no attempt to cut off Japan's supply of oil. When Japan renewed aggression against China, it did so with American oil. In 1937, Japan began a full-blown war with China, attacking near Peking (now Beijing) and Nanking. Japanese troops killed not only Chinese soldiers, but women and children as well. The so-called "Rape of Nanking" shocked Americans with its disregard for human rights. American Responses In 1935 and 1936, the United States Congress had passed Neutrality Acts to prohibit the U.S. from selling goods to countries at war. The acts were ostensibly to protect the U.S. from falling into another war like World War I. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the acts, although he did not like them because they prohibited the U.S. from helping allies in need. Still, the acts were not active unless Roosevelt invoked them, which he did not do in the case of Japan and China. He favored China in the crisis, and by not invoking the 1936 act he could still shuttle aid to the Chinese. Not until 1939, however, did the United States begin to directly challenge continued Japanese aggression in China. That year the U.S. announced it was pulling out of the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan, signaling a coming end to trade with the empire. Japan continued its campaign through China, and in 1940 Roosevelt declared a partial embargo of U.S. shipments of oil, gasoline, and metals to Japan. That move forced Japan to consider drastic options. It had no intention of ceasing its imperial conquests, and it was poised to move into French Indochina <https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-french-indochina-195328>. With a total American resource embargo likely, Japanese militarists began looking at the oil fields of the Dutch East Indies <https://www.thoughtco.com/the-dutch-empire-1435238> as possible replacements for American oil. That presented a military challenge, though, because the American-controlled Philippines and the American Pacific Fleet -- based at Pearl Harbor <https://www.thoughtco.com/attack-on-pearl-harbor-p2-1779988>, Hawaii, -- were between Japan and the Dutch possessions. In July 1941, the United States completely embargoed resources to Japan, and it froze all Japanese assets in American entities. The American policies forced Japan to the wall. With the approval of Japanese Emperor Hirohito <https://www.thoughtco.com/emperor-hirohito-of-japan-195661>, the Japanese Navy began planning to attack Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, and other bases in the Pacific in early December to open the route to the Dutch East Indies. Ultimatum: The Hull Note The Japanese kept diplomatic lines open with the United States on the off-chance they could negotiate an end to the embargo. Any hope of that vanished on November 26, 1941, when U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull handed Japanese ambassadors in Washington D.C. what has come to be known as the "Hull Note." The note said that the only way for the U.S. to remove the resource embargo was for Japan to: - Remove all troops from China. - Remove all troops from Indochina. - End the alliance it had signed with Germany and Italy the previous year. Japan could not accept the conditions. By the time Hull delivered his note to the Japanese diplomats, imperial armadas were already sailing for Hawaii and the Philippines. World War II in the Pacific was only days away. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-us-and-japan-before-world-war-ii-3310162 Pada tanggal Kam, 22 Agu 2019 pukul 19.48 Jonathan Goeij < [email protected]> menulis: > Anda bandingkan sendiri dengan kitab sejarah, ini saya beri link dibawah, > dan tentu saja anda bebas gooling sendiri: > > Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41 > <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor> > > On Thursday, August 22, 2019, 10:20:14 AM PDT, kh djie <[email protected]> > wrote: > > > Kalau isinya bohong, berikan sanggahannya dan knyataannya menurut anda. > > Pada tanggal Kam, 22 Agu 2019 pukul 17.23 Jonathan Goeij > [email protected] [GELORA45] <[email protected]> menulis: > > > > > Penulis itu pengidap "Trump Syndrome" dengan alternative facts nya. > > > ---In [email protected], <bhjo@...> wrote : > > Penulis dari tulisan dibawah mengetahui banyak ttg Amerika dan tindakan2 > nya. > > > ---In [email protected], <djiekh@...> wrote : > > Dari milis lain : > Analisa anda benar dan tentunya tidak bisa dibantah oleh manusia2 > berpendidikan tinggi, tapi naiv! Atau mereka ber-pura2 tidak mengerti, > ataupun ada alasan lain, misalnya takut diusir dari amrik sebagai > immigrants terang atau gelap, atau sebagai anjing pudel yg mengekor saja > ,asal selamat déwék!! Biarkan saja mereka bermimpi terus spt majikannya yg > masih tetap berpegang pd american (Day) dream-nya ! > Kita baru sadar bhw amrik sebenarnya sudah lama punya strategi utk > membendung atau menghancurkan Tiongkok !! > Dlm sejarah terbentuknyaAS, sejak proklamasinya pd tgl 4.juli 1776, > gencida - pembantaian oleh imigran2 > bedebah itu yg berasal dr Eropa , mengakibatkan ber-juta2 korban dr > penduduk asli (indians). Dlm perang candu ke-2, amrik ikut menindas dan > mengeroyok T. bersama beberapa negara2 lain. Antara lain spt kel TR sebagai > cénténg candu terbesar dr amrik jadi sponsor berdirinya uni2 tersohor spt > Harvard,, Yale , MIT, Colombia, dll. Tak tersangka uni2 tersohor tsb > berdirinya atas mayat mayat orang T. Seratus tahun lebih penderitaan dan > penghinaan yg diderita bangsa T. kita tak dapat BAYAnGKAN !!! Salah satu > akibatnya engkong2 kita ber-emigrasi ke-Hindia Belanda dan kita2 ini > menghirup udara pertama ditanah air Indonesia . > > PD-2 sebenarnya bukan dimulai dg pemboman Pearl Harbor oleh Jepang, tapi > mulai sejak agresi Jepang terhadap T. pd tahun 1937. Siapa duga, bhw Jepang > dlm agresinya terhadap T. dibantu oleh amrik!! Jelasnya oleh FDR yg > menyokong Jepang dgn penjualan minyak bumi pd Jepang. Tanpa minyak ini > Jepang tidak mungkin memulai perang besar di Asia. Alasan FDR, kalau Jepang > tidak diberi minyak, maka Jepang akan langsung menyerbu keselatan, > yaitu Hindia Belanda yg kaya akan minyak bumi! Buat FDR lebih senang kalau > T ter-pecah2 dan tidak bersatu/kuat. Memang sudah dr abad ke-19 strategi > amrik ialah menghindari T. jaya kembali spt dlm abad ke-18 ‼️ > Pd achir PD-2, Jepang dihancurkan > oleh 2 bom atom amrik (A.Einstein dan R.Oppenheimer menyesali kejadian > ini). Sebenarnya kedua ledakan bom tsb tidak diperlukan , krn Jepang sudah > bersedia menyerah dan kedua kota korban ledakan bukan kota industri perang > . Genosida yg dilancarkan AS hanya utk mengancam Uni Sovjet yg dianggap > sebagai saingan utama dlm mengejar hegemoni dunia! Selain itu penduduk > Jepang hanya digunakan sebagai machluk percobaan dr WMD. > Setelah proklamasi RRT pd tgl 1 Okt. > 1949, amrik terus berusaha memecah dan menghancurkan T. ( Infiltrasi liwat > Tibet, perang Korea, perang Vietnam). > Mungkin si uncle sam ingat ucapan Napoleon ttg itu Naga sehingga sifat > paranoidnya makin membengkak dan tidak percaya diri sendiri lagi ! > Kita masih ingat rintangan amrik utk mencegah T membuat bom atom sendiri, > sebelum ledakan pertamanya > (Okt,1964). Makin besar paranoianya terhadap saingannya. Didirikan > pangkalan2 perangnya di-mana2, terutama di sekeliling T. > Disamping itu , setelah PD-2, paman sam mulai “menikmati” manisnya perang, > yaitu untungnya jual senjata kepada siapa saja, makin banyak perang atau > kerusuhan, makin baik !!!! > Pemegang saham perusahaan2 pembuat alat2 perang serta lobby2nya mengkorup > pemerintahnya utk menciptakan perang di-mana2, tanpa memperdulikan mayat2 > korbannya . > Tapi jangan kita lupa hukum karma pasti datang! > Strategi amrik utk membendung/ menghancurkan Tiongkok sejak dulu tetap > dipertahankan! > 911 diciptakan katanya utk “membasmi” terorist2 dan menjual > “demokrasi-munafik”; tapi kenyataannya dg regime change , pembentukan IS, > pengacauan di-mana2, tujuan utamanya ialah mencari “bala/konco” utk > membendung T. Penghancuran Irak dg alasan bohong sudah kita tahu . > Sadam H. perlu disingkirkan, bukan hamya dia mau jual minyaknya dlm € > (tanpa petro $), tapi juga krn dia baru kasih konsesi pertambangan minyak > pd Tiongkok. Pengepungan T. dipraktekan sejak lama di- mana2, > termasuk misalnya peristiwa Gestapu, dimana tukang ceboknya amrik bisa > berkuasa lebih dr 30 thn. Jokowi belum berhasil dijatuhkan oleh antek2nya > tukang cebok dulu, dg bantuan terorist2 islam fanatik yg juga dibiayai > terorist negara ! > Masih banyak contoh2 nyata dlm strategi busuk amrik utk membendung T. > Misalnya provokasi selat Taiwan, Tibet, Sinkiang , kerusuhan Hongkong baru2 > ini, persng dagang yg dimulai AS, pemboikotan Huawei dg 5G nya, dls . > Kemajuan T. dlm banyak bidang, tak mungkin dikejar lagi oleh amrik. Kita > harapkan amrik tidak lupa daratan dan memulai PD-3, yg akan menyérét dunia > kekehancuran mutlak !! > > > >
