There is good research on how to include public groups in design deliberation so that it isn't a question of experts force-feeding technical decisions onto people who are essentially suspicious. For starters, I can recommend
Michel Callon et al (2009) Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy, MIT Press. Michelle Murphy (2007) Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty, Duke UP Kim Fortun (2001) Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders, Chicago UP The basic premise is that experts and politicians have to do a lot more work to incorporate publics into the design process (e.g., listening, building trust), and those publics have to rise to the occasion and hone their own expertise (learning, not jumping to conclusions). So imagine if all the combined intellectual power/labor of climate skeptics and geoengineering conspiracy theorists was being put toward solid climate mitigation work. There is also good research on how not to do it, where public deliberation is designed to set up a superficial level of "communication" as trying to procure buy-in by managing risk perceptions. To my mind a lot of climate communication has gone that route to its own detriment. Turns out people are pretty savvy advertising consumers. Jerome Whitington National University of Singapore Asia Research Institute Science and Technology Studies Cluster. On Sun, Oct 9, 2011 at 9:10 PM, Josh Horton <[email protected]>wrote: > I don't agree with many of Joe Romm's positions, but I have to admit > this is a pretty effective piece. Most of us are familiar with the > terminological arguments over "geoengineering" vs. "climate > engineering" vs. ..., but introducing yet another term to the general > public like this begins to feel like a hoodwink. I also noted with > some unease the use of the word "coalition" in the report, although I > can't think of anything better at the moment. Lopsidedness and > clubbiness are also fair charges. I generally agree with the > conclusions of the BPC report, but unfortunately some of these > criticisms stick. > > I also think it's smart of HOME to repost this article by Romm rather > than offer original content and commentary, as the credibility of HOME > is questionable at best. > > Josh Horton > [email protected] > http://geoengineeringpolitics.blogspot.com/ > > > On Oct 8, 7:00 pm, Andrew Lockley <[email protected]> wrote: > > I in no way endorse any of HOME's content. But here it is anyway. > > > > A > > > > Ethicist quit geoengineering panel and other thoughts from Climate > Progress > > > > http://www.handsoffmotherearth.org/2011/10/ethicist-quit-geoengineeri... > > > > Exclusive: Dysfunctional, Lop-Sided Geoengineering Panel Tries to Launch > > Greenwashing Euphemism, “Climate Remediation” > > > > By Joe Romm on Oct 6, 2011 at 3:48 pm | [ original article ] > > > > Revealing Interview with Ethicist Who Withdrew from Panel, Equally > Revealing > > Article by Panel Member on Report’s Dysfunctional Process > > > > Earlier this week a panel of experts released a report calling for more > > research into geoengineering — directly manipulating the Earth’s climate > to > > minimize the harm from global warming. This panel, put together by the > > Bipartisan Policy Center, inanely — and pointlessly — tried to rename > > “geoengineering” as “climate remediation.” > > > > Geoengineering is not a remedy. No one should try to leave the public > with > > any such impression. > > > > Frankly, it would be more literally accurate to rename geo-engineering > > “smoke and mirrors,” as those are two of the most widely discussed > measures > > for managing incoming solar radiation. > > > > Climate Progress has an exclusive interview with Prof. Stephen Gardiner, > an > > ethicist who has written extensively on climate change and geoengineering > — > > and who withdrew from the panel earlier this year. I contacted him when I > > learned he had originally been on the panel. He confirmed “I was indeed > > originally on the panel.” He “withdrew in March of this year when it > became > > clear to me that there wasn’t going to be movement on some of the > report’s > > recommendations, and I wouldn’t be able to endorse them.” > > > > I also interviewed a number of the leading experts on geoengineering for > > this post, including a panel member, Ken Caldeira. I will publish his > > response in full in a subsequent post. > > > > As science advisor John Holdren reasserted in 2009 of strategies such as > > aerosol injection or space mirrors — called solar radiation management > (SRM) > > these days — “The ‘geo-engineering’ approaches considered so far appear > to > > be afflicted with some combination of high costs, low leverage, and a > high > > likelihood of serious side effects.” > > > > I appreciate that since a serious mitigation effort appears to be > > non-imminent, people are casting about for other ways to avoid multiple > > catastrophes (see “Real adaptation is as politically tough as real > > mitigation, but much more expensive and not as effective in reducing > future > > misery“). But geo-engineering without aggressive mitigation makes even > less > > sense than adaptation without aggressive mitigation (see Caldeira calls > the > > vision of Lomborg’s Climate Consensus “a dystopic world out of a science > > fiction story”). So I’m glad the panel stated upfront: > > > > This task force strongly believes that climate remediation technologies > are > > no substitute for controlling risk through climate mitigation (i.e., > > reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases) and > climate > > adaptation (i.e., enhancing the resilience ofhuman-made and natural > systems > > to climate changes) > > > > I don’t think it’s terribly surprising that a panel stacked with > advocates > > of geoengineering research (and some actual researchers) ends up > advocating > > for more research into geoengineering. A number of people I talked to > raised > > questions about the composition of the panel and the lack of disclosure > that > > some of the panel members have a financial interest in geoengineering > > research (see below). > > > > Many thought the effort of the “Task Force on Climate Remediation” to > > replace the term geoengineering was particularly misguided. > > > > Here are the comments of journalist Jeff Goodell, author of the > > award-winning (!) book, How to Cool the Planet: Geoengineering and the > > Audacious Quest to Fix Earth’s Climate: > > > > The phrase “climate remediation” is almost as bad as the phrase “clean > > coal.” In both cases, it’s a phrase that reeks of spin and marketing. And > > while I can understand why Big Coal wants to push it, I think it was a > > mistake for this panel to choose this phrase. The idea, of course, is to > > make geoengineering —or, if you must, climate engineering —sound gentle > and > > comforting. It is not gentle and comforting, it is a big, complex, > > morally-fraught, and dangerous idea, andattempts to disguise this with > > cuddly language are just going to backfire. And let me add that this is > > nothing new. Virtually every meeting and panel about geoengineering that > > I’ve attended in the last five years has started with a few hours of > > hang-wringing about what the “term of art” should be. It’s just silly. > > Geoengineering is not a fix, quick or otherwise. It is not a remedy. It > is, > > at best, a way to reduce the risk of catastrophic climate change and > maybe a > > way to protect fragile ecosystems like the arctic while we solve the real > > problem, which is getting off fossil fuels and repowering our lives with > > clean energy. > > > > Gardiner writes me: > > > > As for ‘climate remediation’, I agree that it has its own defects. Nobody > > really thinks that SRM is a “remedy” for anything. And I’m also skeptical > > about whether large-scale and rapid CDR [carbon dioxide removal] would > > really be completely benign, as many people seem to assume. > > > > The term “climate remediation” is not merely defective and inaccurate > spin > > and marketing. It has zero chance of becoming the term of art because it > is > > transparently defective and inaccurate spin and marketing. The fact that > > this Task Force actually ended up choosing this for its name and embraced > > the term throughout the report seriously calls into question the entire > > process and its output. As we’ll see, one panel member actually went > public > > in a major science journal with a discussion of just how dysfunctional > the > > entire process was. > > > > Let me make clear, though, that I know about a third of the members > > personally and another third or so professionally — and they are > generally > > very high caliber individuals, which is what makes this all the more > > head-exploding. This is really a cautionary tale. > > > > Three of the panel members actually dissented on this point. David Keith > and > > Granger Morgan and David Victor have asterisks (**) next to their names > > indicating: > > > > These members support the recommendations of this report, but they do not > > support the introduction of the new term “climate remediation. > > > > Yes, three members of the “Task Force on Climate Remediation Research” > > reject the official name of their task force and the report they put > their > > name on. I wonder how many times that has ever happened. > > > > Gardiner said he “can’t really understand what all the fuss is about when > > people argue vehemently against” the term geoengineering. He directed me > to > > “Dan Sarewitz’s comments inNature” —“The voice of science: let’s agree to > > disagree.” > > > > Substantively, Sarewitz’s piece itself has little to recommend itself, > since > > he tries to use the bizarrely fierce debate over ” climate remediation” > to > > help discredit consensus-based processes like the one used by the > > Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change —which is like comparing an > apple > > (and a not very good one at that) with, say, half the world’s orange > fields. > > > > What is noteworthy, however, is that Sarewitz opens the window to the > inner > > dysfunctionality of the panel. He notes the report title, Geoengineering: > A > > National Strategic Plan for Research on Climate Remediation, and then > > writes: > > > > The discussions that craft expert consensus, however, have more in common > > with politics than science. And I don’t think I give too much away by > > revealing that one of the battles in our panel was over the term > > geoengineering itself. > > > > This struggle is obvious in the report’s title, which begins with > > ‘geoengineering’ and ends with the redundant term ‘climate remediation’. > > Why? Some of the committee felt that ‘geoengineering’ was too imprecise; > > some thought it too controversial; others argued that it was already > > commonly used, and that a new term would create confusion. > > > > I didn’t have a problem with ‘geoengineering’, but for others it was a > > do-or-die issue. I yielded on that point (and several others) to gain > > political capital to secure issues that had a higher priority for me. > Thus, > > disagreements between panellists are settled not with the ‘right’ answer, > > but by achieving a political balance across many of the issues discussed. > > > > Well, that may be how this dysfunctional panel operated — and it would > have > > to be dysfunctional to brand itself with such a transparently nonsensical > > greenwashing term that simply isn’t going to catch on and thankfully so, > as > > Goodell makes clear. > > > > But it is ludicrous for Sarewitz to write this kiss and tell in one of > the > > most prestigious science journals in the world in order to help discredit > > that other famous “expert consensus” effort, the IPCC. > > > > This isn’t the place for a full debunk of Sarewitz, but what he > apparently > > misses is that the IPCC process is indeed dysfunctional, as I’ve said, > but > > mostly because the way it deals with achieving consensus is to water > things > > down to satisfy the least common denominator — not horse trading so that > > some small group gets to say something absurd so that another clique gets > to > > say something absurd. Indeed, this report explicitly doesn’t use the IPCC > > process, where any member nation can basically veto any word in the final > > summary reports. > > > > The IPCC ends up with generally reasonable science — but a serious > > underestimation of likely future impacts, a conclusion that the recent > > scientific literature has made all too clear (see “An Illustrated Guide > to > > the Science of Global Warming Impacts: How We Know Inaction Is the > Gravest > > Threat Humanity Faces“). > > > > In fact, had this report given every member a veto, it would have avoided > > the ridiculous euphemism of “climate remediation” and probably come up > with > > a superior product. But I digress. > > > > For the record, climatologist Ken Caldeira wrote me: > > > > When I am putting my name on a scientific paper, that means I agree with > > everything in the paper. > > > > When I put my name on a document like this report, it means that on > balance > > I think this document will do more good than harm and there is no > > recommendation in the report that I am unable to live with. I conceive of > it > > more like voting for some omnibus legislation where there may be some > > particular things that do not make me happy, but overall I think the > report > > makes a positive contribution. > > > > I was arguing that we should not issue one report, but two: one on carbon > > dioxide removal and one on sunlight reflection methods. If I had my way, > > there would be no reason to coin any term to refer to this disparate > > collection of possible activities…. > > > > I see the term “climate remediation” as aspirational: the goal is to try > to > > remedy some of the causes or consequences of climate change. The extent > to > > which such efforts can be successful is an open question, but there is no > > doubt that the environmentally safest path is to avoid emitting > greenhouse > > gases in the first place. > > > > I will publish Caldeira’s entire email to me this weekend. > > > > The report itself says a new term is needed because, “Geoengineering is > > controversial—indeed, the term itself is controversial because it is both > > broad and imprecise.” Uhh, not quite. I’d say 99% of the reason the term > is > > controversial is because the idea is controversial. Giving it a new name > > doesn’t make it any less controversial — and in fact the new term is more > > controversial because it smacks of greenwashing. > > > > In any case, I can’t believe the panel members are thrilled with Sarewitz > > for this embarrassing revelation of their dysfunctional process. But now > > that he has done it, I do think the members ought to fess up as to whom > it > > was a “do or die issue” to replace the relatively neutral and widely used > > term “geoengineering” with the inaccurate euphemism, “climate > remediation.” > > > > That’s particularly true because this is a lop-sided panel. It struck me > > when I looked at the members that it was very thin on the well-known > critics > > of geoengineering. I first asked Prof. Martin Bunzl, who is Director of > the > > Rutgers Initiative on Climate and Social Policy, for his comment on the > > panel membership. Bunzl gave a presentation at the February 2010 American > > Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, on what he calls “the > > definitive killer objection to geoengineering as even a temporary fix,” > > which I reposted here. > > > > He coauthored a major analysis in Science by leading experts on volcanoes > > and/or climate —along with Alan Robock, Ben Kravitz, and Georgiy L. > > Stenchikov — “A Test for Geoengineering?” (online here), which concluded: > > > > Stratospheric geoengineering cannot be tested in the atmosphere without > > full-scale implementation. > > > > Indeed, they found “weather and climate variability preclude observation > of > > the climate response without a large, decade-long forcing. Such > full-scale > > implementation could disrupt food production on a large scale” — for two > > billion people! > > > > Bunzl wrote me: > > > > I noted the makeup of the panel with disappointment when it was > announced. > > > > He then noted that he thought Gardiner dropped off. I asked Gardiner what > he > > thought of the panel makeup. He wrote me: > > > > I was concerned about the diversity of the panel (and said so). > Primarily, I > > think that it is an issue that there has been a spate of reports over the > > past few years where the participants have been either strongly > overlapping > > or drawn from a very small group, especially on the science side. This > > creates an appearance of national and international consensus on these > > issues that may only be skin deep. (And I was surprised that people like > > Alan Robock were not on the panel.) > > > > I have emailed Robock to see if he was asked. Of course there are many > > reasons why people say no to panels. Still, this is a very controversial, > > emerging issue, and the Bipartisan Policy Center should have tried much > > harder for more balance. And it should have used a process that wouldn’t > > lead someone like Gardiner to withdraw (and someone like Sarewitz to tell > > tales out of school). > > > > Goodell isn’t as worried about the panel makeup. He notes that the > > recommendations are relatively tame. He notes that David Keith and Ken > > Caldeira “are anything but wide-eyed geoengineering advocates.” I agree > on > > that point — see, for instance, Caldeira tells Yale e360:Thinking of > > geoengineering as a substitute for emissions reduction is analogous to > > saying, “Now that Ive got the seatbelts on, I can just take my hands off > the > > wheel and turn around and talk to people in the back seat. Its crazy…. If > I > > had to wager, I would wager that we would never deploy any geoengineering > > system.” > > > > Goodell then writes: > > > > That said, as geoengineering moves into the mainstream, it’s more and > more > > important to broaden the conversation, if for no other reason than if > > geoengineering is seen as some quick fix being pushed ahead by a clubby > > group of scientists and policy wonks, well, then it will (rightly) be > seen > > as some taboo Frankenscience. And that will not be a good thing for > anyone. > > > > And he agrees the panel should have tried for more transparency. I asked, > > “Do you think the report should identify those members who have a > financial > > interest in geoengineering research?” He replied: > > > > Yes. Transparency and disclosure are vital, especially with an issue as > > dangerous, politically destabilizing, and ethically-fraught as > > geoengineering. > > > > Finally, here is Gardiner’s overall assessment: > > > > In general, though I’m pleased that the BPC report follows the Royal > Society > > in recognizing that the ethical issues are important, I’m disappointed by > > the lack of explicit treatment of ethics, by the neglect of the point > that > > geoengineering only gets on the table amid a context of wider moral > failure, > > and in particular by the endorsement of a very limited “coalition of the > > willing” approach to international cooperation. The latter is especially > > problematic when a necessary condition for membership of the “willing” > seems > > to be being well-resourced (scientifically and otherwise), and when > > geoengineering is a genuinely global and intergenerational issue that > > potentially affects the lives of billions of people, many of them poor > > and/or residing in poor countries. > > > > The bottom line is that this report lost much if not most of its > credibility > > with its process, with its lopsided nature and lack of transparency, and > > with its inexplicably inane decision to embrace the greenwashing term, > > “climate remediation.” > > > > Geoengineering is not a remedy. No one should try to leave the public > with > > any such impression. > > > > In the end, I agree with Caldeira that I don’t think SRM geoengineering > is > > going to be deployed on a large scale. More on that this weekend. > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]. > For more options, visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering?hl=en. > > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering?hl=en.
