See below.
Thought:
1) Pro-actively inject feldspars into the atmosphere to effect water nucleation
and SRM.
2) The particles eventually rain out and react with CO2 and water to convert
excess CO2 to ocean alkalinity a la Schuiling and de Boar (2011) and Koelher et
al (2013), e.g.:
CaAl2Si2O8 + 2CO2 + 3H2O = Ca+2 + 2HCO3- + Al2Si2O5(OH)4
3) This increases Ca carbonate saturation state in the ocean, offsetting
effects of ocean acidification.
4) Some dissolution of the silica to silicic acid, plus feldspar trace metals
(Fe) further boosts Si- or Fe-limited marine bio uptake and storage of excess
CO2.
5) A grateful world is given more time to cross the bridge to a sustainable
energy economy – Nobel Prize awarded (posthumously, given current rate of GE
R&D and implementation)?
-or-
6) Industry/gov sees green light to continue BAU, bridge never crossed, earth
fries and acidifies during a prolonged CDR and SRM International Amalgamated
Workers Union labor strike, Nobel Prize retracted?
-Greg
The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase
clouds
* James D.
Atkinson<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-1>,
* Benjamin J.
Murray<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-2>,
* Matthew T.
Woodhouse<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-3>,
* Thomas F.
Whale<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-4>,
* Kelly J.
Baustian<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-5>,
* Kenneth S.
Carslaw<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-6>,
* Steven
Dobbie<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-7>,
* Daniel
O’Sullivan<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-8>
* & Tamsin L.
Malkin<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#auth-9>
*
Affiliations<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#affil-auth>
*
Contributions<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#contrib-auth>
* Corresponding
author<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20130620#corres-auth>
Nature
498,
355–358
(20 June 2013)
doi:10.1038/nature12278
Received
30 January 2013
Accepted
07 May 2013
Published online
12 June 2013
The amount of ice present in mixed-phase clouds, which contain both supercooled
liquid water droplets and ice particles, affects cloud extent, lifetime,
particle size and radiative
properties1<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref1>,
2<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref2>.
The freezing of cloud droplets can be catalysed by the presence of aerosol
particles known as ice
nuclei2<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref2>.
One of the most important ice nuclei is thought to be mineral dust aerosol
from arid
regions2<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref2>,
3<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref3>.
It is generally assumed that clay minerals, which contribute approximately
two-thirds of the dust mass, dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust, and many
experimental studies have therefore focused on these
materials1<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref1>,
2<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref2>,
4<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref4>,
5<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref5>,
6<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref6>.
Here we use an established droplet-freezing
technique4<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref4>,
7<http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v498/n7454/full/nature12278.html#ref7>
to show that feldspar minerals dominate ice nucleation by mineral dusts under
mixed-phase cloud conditions, despite feldspar being a minor component of dust
emitted from arid regions. We also find that clay minerals are relatively
unimportant ice nuclei. Our results from a global aerosol model study suggest
that feldspar ice nuclei are globally distributed and that feldspar particles
may account for a large proportion of the ice nuclei in Earth’s atmosphere that
contribute to freezing at temperatures below about −15 °C.
--
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