Dear Geoengineering group,
Some remarkable results about the photochemical activation of chlorine
pyrogenic iron oxide aerosols are described in the paper of Wittmer and
Zetzsch (Wittmer, J., & Zetzsch, C. (2016). Photochemical activation of
chlorine by iron-oxide aerosol. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1-18).
The "pyrogenic iron oxide aerosols" have relations to "Iron Salt
Aerosols" (ISA) and the geoengineering aspects of the ISA method
(http://www.gm-ingenieurbuero.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=61)
and the climate consequences given below. The new results of Wittmer &
Zetzsch relates to the aspect of the ISA method marked by fat letters:
The relative high content of natural iron organics in heavy diesel fuel
for ship engines are known to produce flue gas with a high content of
pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol. Doubling the recent emission of the
soluble iron content of the troposphere (about 100000 tons Fe per year)
is an essential aim of the ISA method. This may achieved by heating oil
or fuel oil combustion of artificial iron organics additives by
combustion Pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol is much more reactive to flue
gas and atmospheric ingredients like HCl than natural desert dust iron
oxides Immediately after emission pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol particles
become coated by iron salts containing chlorides (ISA)
Iron(III)chlorides (ISA) are photolyzed by day light to
iron(II)chlorides and chlorine atoms (°Cl)The oxidation reaction of °Cl
with the atmospheric greenhouse gas methane is about 20 times faster
than the oxidation reaction with hydroxyl radical (°OH) At elevated iron
dust levels the life time of methane and parallel to that the methane
concentration in the atmosphere becomes reduced efficiently Other
tropospheric greenhouse factors like soot aerosols, smoke aerosols and
ozone becomes reduced efficiently too. Within the elevated iron dust
plume or region the HCl content is decreased while the °Cl content is
increased. Because the different Henry coefficients of HCl and °Cl (the
solubility in rain droplets of °Cl is orders of magnitude lower than
that of HCl) this effect will increase the chlorine content of the
troposphere The ISA-induced chlorine content increase within the
troposphere will change more iron oxide aerosol into ISA, than further
generating more CH4 oxidation and so on... ISA falling on dry solid
surfaces generate desert varnish. This varnishes keeps active in
depletion of said greenhouse factors ISA falling down to ocean surfaces
or adhering to rain or snowflakes becomes earlier or later, even as part
of iceberg melt water, part of the surface ocean and act there as
fertilizer to phytoplankton. This has a multiplying effect to the
assimilation of the former tropospheric greenhouse gas remnants H2CO3
and HCO3- converting it to organic carbon The assimilation process
alkalizes the ocean surface preparing it for additional absorption of
the greenhouse gas CO2 from the atmosphere The additional ISA-induced
production of phytoplankton generates an additional
phytoplankton-metabolic emission of dimethylsulfide (DMS),
methylchloride (MC) and volatile organics (VOC) The atmospheric
oxidation product of DMS is sulfuric acid or sulfate aerosol. One
end-product of the oxidation of VOC is oxalic acid aerosol. Sulfate
aerosols, oxalic acid aerosols, and ISA are known to be cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN). The acidic components elevate the cloud
albedo cooling by producing white long living clouds The tropospheric MC
oxidation product HCl inclusive the HCl generated by the acids H2SO4 and
oxalic acid from sea salt aerosol are integrated into the ISA-HCl
photolysis circle and will further activating it The ISA-induced
increasing fraction of organic carbon within the ocean bottom sediments
change the sediment interior from suboxic to anoxic. This induces
alkalization, silica solution and phosphate mobilization and carbonate
precipitation.The onset of climate cooling by the ISA method induces
temperature fall in the polar regions and stop glacier melt. Further it
increases the sea ice production in the Southern Ocean around
Antarctica. All three effects activate the vertical mixing of the ocean
basins: Increasing the down flow volume of the Antarctic Bottom Water
current (AABW) and increasing the down flow volume of the North Atlantic
Deep Water current (NADW). Both current flows are of high sensitivity to
the climate cooling or warming.The increased AABW and NADW current flows
activate the transport of CO2 / HCO3- as well as O2 from the ocean
surface to the ocean basin bottomsBelow the ocean basin bottoms CO2 /
HCO3- become fixed by the convective ocean water flow through the
alkalized sediments and the alkaline igneous bedrockAfter the convective
flow of ocean bottom water through sediments and bedrock it has lost CO2
and HCO3- carbon and became enriched by the phytoplankton fertilizers
silicon and phosphate.Results of the ISA-induced activation of the
vertical ocean mixing is a further phytoplankton fertilization by Si and
P; an elevated oxygen content within the deep ocean and an increased
absorption capacity for CO2 because of reduced HCO3- content. Each of
these effects has an additional cooling effect to the troposphere.
Until now the ISA method had been presented at meetings, conferences and
symposia: 2004 EGU in Nizza, 2004 Joint Conference Leipzig2004, 2011
ICEPE in Frankfurt and 2015 CER Symposium in Berlin.
http://www.gm-ingenieurbuero.com/publications/ISA-Booklet_20130927_en.pdf
Because proofs and evidences about the many aspects of the ISA method
increased from year to year I hope to release a paper about the ISA
method in an adequate peer-reviewed journal and with my other co-authors
we are in good hope to become it published in 2016.
Sincerely yours,
Franz Oeste"
2016-04-20 9:33 GMT+02:00 Oeste <[email protected]>:
Dear Renaud,
sorry, my draft-letter to Andrew you got from me yesterday had some
mistakes. You find them marked below in fat red!
------ Weitergeleitete Nachricht ------
Von: "Oeste" <[email protected]>
An: "Renaud de RICHTER" <[email protected]>
Gesendet: 19.04.2016 20:58:20
Betreff: Fw: Re: Fw[2]: [geo] Climate Engineering at the AGU Fall
Meeting
Dear Renaud, should'nt we both answer the mail of Andrew? What do you
think about the following? Please tell me your opinion. Warm regards,
Franz
"Dear Andrew,
you asked Franz for describtion of some aspects of the ISA method and
their climate consequences. The results described in the paper of
Wittmer and Zetzsch have relations to the aspects given in fat letters
below:
The relative high content of natural iron organics in diesel fuel for
ship engines are known to produce flue gas with a high content of
pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol. Doubling the recent emission of the
soluble iron content of the troposphere (about 100000 tons Fe per year)
is an essential aim of the ISA method. This may achieved by heating oil
or fuel oil combustion of artificial iron organics additives by
combustionPyrogenic iron oxide aerosol is much more reactive to flue
gas and atmospheric ingredients like HCl than natural desert dust iron
oxidesImmediately after emission pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol particles
become coated by iron salts containing chlorides
(ISA)Iron(III)chlorides (ISA) are photolyzed by day light to
iron(II)chlorides and chlorine atoms (°Cl)The oxidation reaction of °Cl
with the atmospheric greenhouse gas methane is about 20 times faster
than the oxidation reaction with hydroxyl radical (°OH)At elevated iron
dust levels the life time of methane and parallel to that the methane
concentration in the atmosphere becomes reduced efficientlyOther
tropospheric greenhouse factors like soot aerosols, smoke aerosols and
ozone becomes reduced efficiently too.Within the elevated iron dust
plume or region the HCl content is decreased while the °Cl content is
increased.Because the different Henry coefficients of HCl and °Cl (the
solubility in rain droplets of °Cl is orders of magnitude lower than
that of HCl) this effect will increase the chlorine content of the
troposphereThe ISA-induced chlorine content increase within the
troposphere will change more iron oxide aerosol into ISA, than further
generating more CH4 oxidation and so on...ISA falling on dry solid
surfaces generate desert varnish. This varnishes keeps active in
depletion of said greenhouse factorsISA falling down to ocean surfaces
or adhering to rain or snowflakes becomes earlier or later, even as
part of iceberg melt water, part of the surface ocean and act there as
fertilizer to phytoplankton. This has a multiplying effect to the
assimilation of the former tropospheric greenhouse gas remnants H2CO3
and HCO3- converting it to organic carbonThe assimilation process
alkalizes the ocean surface preparing it for additional absorption of
the greenhouse gas CO2 from the atmosphereThe additional ISA-induced
production of phytoplankton generates an additional
phytoplankton-metabolic emission of dimethylsulfid (DMS), methylchlorid
(MC) and volatile organics (VOC)The atmospheric oxidation product of
DMS is sulfuric acid or sulfate aerosol. One endproduct of the
oxidation of VOC is oxalic acid aerosol. Sulfate aerosols, oxalic acid
aerosols, and ISA are known to be cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The
acidic components elevate the cloud albedo cooling by producing white
long living cloudsThe tropospheric MC oxidation product HCl inclusive
the HCl generated by the acids H2SO4 and oxalic acid from sea salt
aerosol are integrated into the ISA-HCl photolysis circle and will
further activating itThe ISA-induced increasing fraction of organic
carbon within the ocean bottom sediments change the sediment interior
from suboxic to anoxic. This induces alkalization, silica solution and
phosphate mobilization and carbonate precipitation.The onset of climate
cooling by the ISA method induce temperature fall in the polar regions
and stop glacier melt. Further it increases the sea ice production in
the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. All three effects activate the
vertical mixing of the ocean basins: Increasing the down flow volume of
the Antarctic Bottom Water current (AABW) and increasing the down flow
volume of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW). Both currents
are of high sensitivity to the climate cooling or warming. The
increased AABW and NADW current flows activate the transport of CO2 /
HCO3- as well as O2 from the ocean surface to the ocean basin
bottomsBelow the ocean basin bottoms CO2 / HCO3- become fixed by the
convective ocean water flow through the alkalized sediments and the
alkaline igneous bedrockAfter the convective flow of ocean bottom water
through sediments and bedrock it has lost CO2 and HCO3- carbon and
became enriched by the phytoplankton fertilizers silicon and
phosphate.Results of the ISA-induced activation of the vertical ocean
mixing is a further phytoplankton fertilzation by Si and P; an elevated
oxygen content within the deep ocean and an increased absorption
capacity for CO2 because of reduced HCO3- content. Each of these
effects has an additional cooling effect to the troposphere.
Until now the ISA method had been presented at meetings, conferences
and symposia: 2004 EGU in Nizza, 2004 Joint Conference Leipzig2004,
2011 ICEPE in Frankfurt and 2015 CER Symposium in Berlin. Because
proofs and evidences about the many aspects of the ISA method increased
from year to year we decided to release a paper about the ISA method.
It will be published in an adequate peer-reviewed journal and we are in
good hope to become it published in 2016.
Kind regards,
Franz, Renault"
------ Weitergeleitete Nachricht ------
Von: "Andrew Lockley" <[email protected]>
An: "Oeste" <[email protected]>
Cc: "Renaud de RICHTER" <[email protected]>
Gesendet: 19.04.2016 12:14:05
Betreff: Re: Fw[2]: [geo] Climate Engineering at the AGU Fall Meeting
It's really interesting but not very well explained. Perhaps you could
do an "idiots guide"?
In particular, references for the ISA method would be useful.
Feel free to post to the geoengineering Google group if you want.
On 19 Apr 2016 10:33, "Oeste" <[email protected]> wrote:
Dear Andrew,
meanwhile the remarkable results about photochemical activation of
chlorine by pyrogenic iron-oxide aerosol have been published in more
detail by J. Wittmer and C. Zetzsch online by the Journal of
Atmospheric Chemistry titled: "Photochemical activation of chloride
by iron-oxide aerosol". Statement of the authors commenting their
results:
"Our findings are of great interest for the processing of
iron-containing aerosol in the atmosphere and particularly may become
important for the increasing amount of highly soluble combustion
aerosol particles in marine environments."
I found the article at:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10874-016-9336-6
This paper gives some new arguments to the "ISA method" as an
economical and ecological feasible CE solution which mimicks the
glacial dust cooling. The new results confirm the efficient chlorine
atom (°Cl) production by pyrogenic iron oxide aerosols produced by the
combustion of natural or artificial iron organics containing ship fuel
and lifted up within the troposphere by the flue gas plume. Methane
oxidation in the troposphere by °Cl is about 20 times faster than by
°OH. Because this climate influencing effect is accompanied by many
more physical, chemical and biological cooling effects within the
troposphere, at solid surfaces, within the ocean surface, in the deep
ocean, ocean sediments, inclusive the igneous bedrock of the ocean
basin bottoms, iron oxide aerosol seems to be of great influence on
the climate. Most of the effects activate the climate cooling by CO2
and CH4 carbon conversion into organic and carbonate carbon.
Additional effects increase the cloud albedo by cloud whitening and
cloud life time elongation.
As a member of an authors team aiming to publish the scientific
aspects of the ISA method, I am co-working on the attempt to present
the interwoven physical, chemical, biological and mineralogical
manyfold of processes induced by iron oxide aerosol in a comprehensive
paper. The emission of pyrogenic iron oxide aerosol by combustion is a
central part of the "ISA method". We expect our paper to become
published within 2016.
Kind regards
Franz
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