Black shales formed in anoxic oceans caused by super greenhouse gas conditions are the mechanism by which the planet gets rid of excess CO2, but it takes millions of years to do so!
Ironically, most of the world’s oil supply comes from precisely such sources! That is why the US, Russia, and Saudi Arabia are working hand in glove to prevent any political action to reverse global warming, as they did again yesterday blocking action on the IPCC report (even though it severely underestimates impacts): https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46496967 <https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46496967> This amounts to killing the planet for willful ignorance and short sighted greed. Thomas J. F. Goreau, PhD President, Global Coral Reef Alliance President, Biorock Technology Inc. Coordinator, Soil Carbon Alliance Coordinator, United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development Small Island Developing States Partnership in New Sustainable Technologies 37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 gor...@bestweb.net www.globalcoral.org Skype: tomgoreau Tel: (1) 617-864-4226 Books: Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466595392 <http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466595392> Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466557734 <http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466557734> The Green Disc, New Technologies for a New Future: Innovative Methods for Sustainable Development http://www.greenthindisc.org <http://www.greenthindisc.org/> No one can change the past, everyone can change the future When lies trump truth, the dark ages begin > On Dec 8, 2018, at 9:30 PM, Andrew Lockley <andrew.lock...@gmail.com> wrote: > > Poster's note: I'm sharing this, as one of the exceptional pieces covering > climate change impacts. The apocalyptic end-Permian extinction is around 10 > degrees Celsius of warming over baseline, business as usual is over 3. That > doesn't look like much of a safety margin to me. > > http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327> > > Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of > end-Permian marine mass extinction > > Justin L. Penn1 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#aff-1>,* > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#corresp-1>, Curtis > Deutsch > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#award-group-1> > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#award-group-2> > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#award-group-3>1 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#aff-1>,2 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#aff-2>,* > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#corresp-1>, Jonathan > L. Payne3 <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#aff-3>, > Erik A. Sperling3 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#aff-3> > See all authors and affiliations > Science 07 Dec 2018: > Vol. 362, Issue 6419, eaat1327 > DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1327 > Article > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327> > Figures & Data > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327/tab-figures-data> > Info & Metrics > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327/tab-article-info> > eLetters > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327/tab-e-letters> > PDF > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327/tab-pdf> > You are currently viewing the abstract. > > View Full Text > <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327#login-pane> > > <https://signin.aaas.org/oxauth/seam/resource/restv1/oxauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=%40%21DF52.8A2B.1610.1D59%210001%21F186.A7D4%210008%21AB98.2411&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.sciencemag.org%2Foauth2%2Fcode%2F&scope=openid+org.aaas&state=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F362%2F6419%2Feaat1327%3Fsso%3D1%26sso_redirect_count%3D1> > > <http://www.aaas.org/join> > <https://account.aaas.org/Identity/Lookup> > <http://sciencemag.org/journals/purchase> > <http://www.sciencemag.org/subscriptions> > > > > > <http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/secure_ppv?type=ppv&jcode=sci&resource_id=sci%3B362/6419/eaat1327&ppv_type=article&url=http%3A//science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/eaat1327.full> > > <https://backissues.sciencemag.org/> > Drivers of the “Great Dying” > Though our current extinction crisis is substantial, it pales in comparison > to the largest extinction in Earth's history, which occurred at the end of > the Permian Period. Referred to as the “Great Dying,” this event saw the loss > of up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial species. Penn et > al. explored the extinction dynamics of the time using Earth system models in > conjunction with physiological data across animal taxa (see the Perspective > by Kump). They conclude that increased marine temperatures and reduced oxygen > availability were responsible for a majority of the recorded extinctions. > Because similar environmental alterations are predicted outcomes of current > climate change, we would be wise to take note. > > Science, this issue p. eaat1327 > <http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat1327>; see also > p. 1113 <http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aav736> > Structured Abstract > INTRODUCTION > Climate change triggered by volcanic greenhouse gases is hypothesized to have > caused the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history at the end of the > Permian Period (~252 million years ago). Geochemical evidence provides strong > support for rapid global warming and accompanying ocean oxygen (O2) loss, but > a quantitative link among climate, species’ traits, and extinction is > lacking. To test whether warming and O2 loss can mechanistically account for > the marine mass extinction, we combined climate model simulations with an > established ecophysiological framework to predict the biogeographic patterns > and severity of extinction. Those predictions were confirmed by a spatially > explicit analysis of the marine fossil record. > RATIONALE > The impact of climate change on marine biodiversity depends on both its > magnitude and on species’ diverse biological sensitivities. Tolerances of > marine animals to warming and O2loss are physiologically related and can be > represented in a single metric: the ratio of temperature-dependent O2 supply > and demand rates. This ratio, termed the Metabolic Index (Φ), measures the > environmental scope for aerobic activity and is governed by ocean conditions > as well as thermal and hypoxia sensitivity traits that vary across species. > If climate warming and O2loss reduce Φ below the species-specific minimum > requirement for sustained ecological activity (Φcrit), the ocean would no > longer support active aerobic metabolism and, by extension, long-term > population persistence. > RESULTS > We simulated the greenhouse gas–driven global warming at the end of the > Permian using a model of Earth’s climate and coupled biogeochemical cycles > that matches geochemical proxy data. The imposed increase in atmospheric > greenhouse gas levels raises near-surface ocean temperatures by more than > ~10°C and depletes global marine O2 levels by almost 80%. > > To predict the impact of these changes on animal habitat and survival, we > measured the frequencies of Metabolic Index traits in diverse living species > and used them to define a set of model ecophysiotypes. We populated the model > Permian ocean with each ecophysiotype wherever conditions provide viable > habitat (Φ ≥ Φcrit), yielding an ocean with diverse, locally adapted > ecophysiotypes throughout all regions. Across the climate transition, > however, ocean warming increases the metabolic O2 demand amid declining > supply; this removes large fractions of global aerobic habitat for the vast > majority of ecophysiotypes and implies a high likelihood of extinction. We > simulated the resulting mass extinction of ecophysiotypes and found a robust > geographic pattern: Extinction intensity should have been lower in the > tropics than at high latitudes. The cause of lower tropical extinction is > that organisms initially inhabiting these warm, low-O2 environments can > better exploit those conditions when they arise globally, whereas the > habitats of more polar species disappear completely. > > To test the geographic selectivity of the model extinction, we compared model > predictions to spatially explicit reconstructions of genus extinction from > the marine fossil record. We found that across diverse taxonomic groups, the > observed extinction intensity indeed increases with latitude, consistent with > the predicted signature of aerobic habitat loss. Comparison of the model to > the fossil record implies that temperature-dependent hypoxia can account for > more than half of the observed magnitude of regional extinction (i.e., > extirpation). > CONCLUSION > Ocean warming and O2 loss simulated in an Earth System Model of end-Permian > climate change imply widespread loss of aerobic habitat among animal types > with diverse thermal and hypoxia tolerances. The resulting extinctions are > predicted to select most strongly against higher-latitude species, whose > biogeographic niche disappears globally. The combined physiological stresses > of ocean warming and O2 loss largely account for the spatial pattern and > magnitude of extinction observed in the fossil record of the “Great Dying.” > These results highlight the future extinction risk arising from a depletion > of the ocean’s aerobic capacity that is already under way. > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Carbon Dioxide Removal" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to carbondioxideremoval+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com > <mailto:carbondioxideremoval+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. > To post to this group, send email to carbondioxideremo...@googlegroups.com > <mailto:carbondioxideremo...@googlegroups.com>. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/CarbonDioxideRemoval > <https://groups.google.com/group/CarbonDioxideRemoval>. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/CAJ3C-04Lh%3DkLUdsvbdDMeRZmg%3Dx7e6U8y%3DSjnbs4Xt%2BRvWCx2Q%40mail.gmail.com > > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/CAJ3C-04Lh%3DkLUdsvbdDMeRZmg%3Dx7e6U8y%3DSjnbs4Xt%2BRvWCx2Q%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout > <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. 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