https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-025-01696-6

*Authors*
Benjamin K. Sovacool, Chad M. Baum, Livia Fritz & Sean Low

*05 June 2025*

*Abstract*
Using techniques commonly applied in participatory action research and
ethnography, we examine 20 specific cases of experimentation for a
selection of carbon removal and solar radiation modification interventions.
These experiments include engineering-based approaches such as
stratospheric aerosol injection, cloud brightening, carbon–neutral cement,
biochar, direct air capture, and enhanced rock weathering alongside
ecosystems-based approaches such as afforestation, seagrass restoration,
and coral reef protection. Based on extensive original research of these 20
experimental projects—including 118 semi-structured research interviews and
naturalistic site-based observation—we explore four questions. Firstly,
what are the actor coalitions surrounding each experiment? Secondly, what
promises and expectations do those actors generate? Thirdly, what
innovation dynamics and styles are emergent and evident here? Finally, what
perceived co-impacts are expected (by actors) to occur with widespread
prospective deployment? Answering these questions in our empirical study
offers insights into energy, climate, and climate intervention research,
given that these experiments involve some of the most powerful and dominant
actor coalitions, are supported by large amounts of climate finance
investment, and will undoubtedly shape future deliberations over climate
policy and technology deployment.

*Source: SpringerLink*

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