https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.13376

*Authors: *Sebastian Kebrich, Luisa Kamp, Jochen Linßen, Heidi Heinrichs

*17 November 2025*

*Abstract*
Climate change is one of the 21st centurys major challenges. However, the
progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is perceived as being too
slow. Hence, more radical technologies such as stratospheric aerosol
injection are entering discussions to limit climate change. This study
presents a methodology for evaluating the effects of injecting 20Mt of SO
into the atmosphere annually on the global radiative balance, photovoltaic
potentials, and renewable energy systems under a targeted temperature
reduction of 2°C. Results show that the average annual reduction of PV
potentials ranges from 0.25% to 4% up to 12% in Northern Europe during
summer. The modeled renewable energy systems largely absorb these
reductions resulting in minor capacity shifts with larger changes confined
to a few systems. The results show that the inherent flexibility of large
scale renewable energy systems helps mitigating changes in cost, but
understanding this flexibility is crucial to avoid errors in design.

*Source: ArXiv *

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