djnavarro commented on code in PR #14514:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/14514#discussion_r1007454150
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r/vignettes/data_object_layout.Rmd:
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@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+---
+title: "Internal structure of Arrow objects"
+description: >
+ Learn about the internal structure of Arrow data objects.
+output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
+vignette: >
+ %\VignetteIndexEntry{Internal structure of Arrow objects}
+ %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
+ %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
+---
+
+This vignette describes the internal structure of Arrow data objects. Users of
the `arrow` R package will not generally need to understand the internal
structure of Arrow data objects. We include it here to help orient those R
users and Arrow developers who wish to understand the [Arrow
specification](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/Columnar.html). This
vignette provides a deeper dive into some of the topics described in
`vignette("data_objects", package = "arrow")`, and is intended mostly for
developers. It is not necessary knowledge for using the `arrow` package.
+
+
+```{r include=FALSE}
+library(arrow, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
+```
+
+
+We begin by describing two key concepts:
+
+- Values in an array are stored in one or more **buffers**. A buffer is a
sequential virtual address space (i.e., block of memory) with a given length.
Given a pointer specifying the memory address where the buffer starts, you can
reach any byte in the buffer with an "offset" value that specifies a location
relative to the start of the buffer.
+- The **physical layout** of an array is a term used to describe how data in
an array is laid out in memory, without taking into account of how that
information is interpreted. As an example: a 32-bit signed integer and 32-bit
floating point number have the same layout: they are both 32 bits, represented
as 4 contiguous bytes in memory. The meaning is different, but the layout is
the same.
+
+We can unpack these ideas using a simple array of integer values:
+
+```{r}
+integer_array <- Array$create(c(1L, NA, 2L, 4L, 8L))
+integer_array
+```
+
+We can inspect the `integer_array$type` attribute to see that the values in
the Array are stored as signed 32 bit integers. When laid out in memory by the
Arrow C++ library, an integer array consists of two pieces of metadata and two
buffers that store the data. The metadata specify the length of the array and a
count of the number of null values, both stored as 64-bit integers. These
metadata can be viewed from R using `integer_array$length()` and
`integer_array$null_count` respectively. The number of buffers associated with
an array depends on the exact type of data being stored. For an integer array
there are two: a "validity bitmap buffer" and a "data value buffer".
Schematically we could depict the array as follows:
+
+```{r, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%"}
+knitr::include_graphics("./array_layout_integer.png")
+```
+
+This image shows the array as a rectangle subdivided into two parts, one for
the metadata and the other for the buffers. Underneath the rectangle we've
unpacked the contents of the buffers for you, showing the contents of the two
buffers in the area enclosed in a dotted line. At the very bottom of the
figure, you can see the contents of specific bytes.
+
+## Validity bitmap buffer
+
+The validity bitmap is binary-valued, and contains a 1 whenever the
corresponding slot in the array contains a valid, non-null value. At an
abstract level we can assume this contains the following five bits:
+
+```
+10111
+```
+
+However this is a slight over-simplification for three reasons. First, because
memory is allocated in byte-size units there are three trailing bits at the end
(assumed to be zero), giving us the bitmap `10111000`. Second, while we have
written this from left-to-right, this written format is typically presumed to
represent [big endian format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness) whereas
Arrow is little-endian. To reflect this we write the bits in reversed order:
`00011101`. Finally, Arrow encourages [naturally aligned data
structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment) in which
allocated memory addresses are a multiple of the data block sizes. Arrow uses
*64 byte alignment*, so each data structure must be a multople of 64 bytes in
size. This design feature exists to allow efficient use of modern hardware, as
discussed in the [Arrow
specification](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/Columnar.html#buffer-alignment-and-padding).
This is what the buffer looks l
ike this in memory:
Review Comment:
Thanks! This one is hard to write!
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