tustvold opened a new pull request, #5851:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/pull/5851

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   Closes #.
   
   # Rationale for this change
   
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   Investigating https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/pull/5292 and 
thought I would try to break it into smaller pieces to make it easier to see 
what is going on. In particular this PR just switches `ExternalSorter` to using 
`SortPreservingMerge`.
   
   This results in better performance, apart from in the case of a single sort 
column. This is not hugely surprising, as lexsort_to_indices has optimised 
kernels for when sorting by a single column.
   
   ```
      Compiling datafusion v21.0.0 
(/home/raphael/repos/external/arrow-datafusion/datafusion/core)
       Finished release-nonlto [optimized] target(s) in 22.59s
        Running benches/sort.rs 
(/home/raphael/repos/external/arrow-datafusion/target/release-nonlto/deps/sort-16eed48ca15554e0)
   sort i64                time:   [7.6330 ms 7.6510 ms 7.6683 ms]
                           change: [+42.367% +42.983% +43.644%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has regressed.
   Found 3 outliers among 100 measurements (3.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low severe
     2 (2.00%) low mild
   
   Benchmarking sort i64 preserve partitioning: Warming up for 3.0000 s
   Warning: Unable to complete 100 samples in 5.0s. You may wish to increase 
target time to 9.3s, enable flat sampling, or reduce sample count to 50.
   sort i64 preserve partitioning
                           time:   [1.8267 ms 1.8308 ms 1.8348 ms]
                           change: [-5.5979% -5.0486% -4.4890%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 5 outliers among 100 measurements (5.00%)
     1 (1.00%) high mild
     4 (4.00%) high severe
   
   sort f64                time:   [8.0650 ms 8.0818 ms 8.0983 ms]
                           change: [+27.214% +27.725% +28.212%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has regressed.
   Found 7 outliers among 100 measurements (7.00%)
     5 (5.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
   
   sort f64 preserve partitioning
                           time:   [2.2920 ms 2.2987 ms 2.3053 ms]
                           change: [-4.0517% -3.4908% -3.0237%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 12 outliers among 100 measurements (12.00%)
     9 (9.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
     1 (1.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 low cardinality
                           time:   [8.4322 ms 8.4522 ms 8.4707 ms]
                           change: [-9.3807% -8.9870% -8.6128%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 16 outliers among 100 measurements (16.00%)
     7 (7.00%) low severe
     2 (2.00%) low mild
     7 (7.00%) high mild
   
   sort utf8 low cardinality preserve partitioning
                           time:   [4.5490 ms 4.5611 ms 4.5723 ms]
                           change: [-9.4824% -9.0677% -8.6905%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 24 outliers among 100 measurements (24.00%)
     11 (11.00%) low severe
     7 (7.00%) low mild
     5 (5.00%) high mild
     1 (1.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 high cardinality
                           time:   [13.918 ms 13.945 ms 13.972 ms]
                           change: [-25.221% -24.973% -24.715%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 7 outliers among 100 measurements (7.00%)
     3 (3.00%) low severe
     1 (1.00%) low mild
     1 (1.00%) high mild
     2 (2.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 high cardinality preserve partitioning
                           time:   [7.4030 ms 7.4190 ms 7.4343 ms]
                           change: [-9.2608% -8.8695% -8.4917%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 8 outliers among 100 measurements (8.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low severe
     5 (5.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
   
   sort utf8 tuple         time:   [14.899 ms 14.924 ms 14.950 ms]
                           change: [-55.867% -55.718% -55.570%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 6 outliers among 100 measurements (6.00%)
     2 (2.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
     2 (2.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 tuple preserve partitioning
                           time:   [3.4615 ms 3.4720 ms 3.4857 ms]
                           change: [-18.031% -17.508% -17.055%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 17 outliers among 100 measurements (17.00%)
     4 (4.00%) low severe
     9 (9.00%) low mild
     3 (3.00%) high mild
     1 (1.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 dictionary    time:   [4.2060 ms 4.2164 ms 4.2269 ms]
                           change: [+106.17% +106.95% +107.78%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has regressed.
   Found 3 outliers among 100 measurements (3.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
   
   sort utf8 dictionary preserve partitioning
                           time:   [666.64 µs 668.92 µs 671.60 µs]
                           change: [-16.850% -12.080% -9.1385%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 4 outliers among 100 measurements (4.00%)
     2 (2.00%) high mild
     2 (2.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 dictionary tuple
                           time:   [10.505 ms 10.523 ms 10.542 ms]
                           change: [-68.282% -68.190% -68.095%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 14 outliers among 100 measurements (14.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low severe
     6 (6.00%) low mild
     4 (4.00%) high mild
     3 (3.00%) high severe
   
   sort utf8 dictionary tuple preserve partitioning
                           time:   [2.2596 ms 2.2680 ms 2.2768 ms]
                           change: [+1.9579% +2.5266% +3.0875%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has regressed.
   Found 3 outliers among 100 measurements (3.00%)
     2 (2.00%) low mild
     1 (1.00%) high severe
   
   sort mixed utf8 dictionary tuple
                           time:   [11.538 ms 11.565 ms 11.590 ms]
                           change: [-66.047% -65.860% -65.706%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 19 outliers among 100 measurements (19.00%)
     8 (8.00%) low severe
     7 (7.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
     2 (2.00%) high severe
   
   sort mixed utf8 dictionary tuple preserve partitioning
                           time:   [2.3764 ms 2.3824 ms 2.3884 ms]
                           change: [+0.8246% +1.2743% +1.6849%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Change within noise threshold.
   Found 2 outliers among 100 measurements (2.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low mild
     1 (1.00%) high mild
   
   sort mixed tuple        time:   [12.027 ms 12.081 ms 12.151 ms]
                           change: [-30.336% -29.962% -29.490%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 12 outliers among 100 measurements (12.00%)
     9 (9.00%) low mild
     2 (2.00%) high mild
     1 (1.00%) high severe
   
   Benchmarking sort mixed tuple preserve partitioning: Warming up for 3.0000 s
   Warning: Unable to complete 100 samples in 5.0s. You may wish to increase 
target time to 8.0s, enable flat sampling, or reduce sample count to 50.
   sort mixed tuple preserve partitioning
                           time:   [1.5646 ms 1.5663 ms 1.5680 ms]
                           change: [-30.915% -30.601% -30.228%] (p = 0.00 < 
0.05)
                           Performance has improved.
   Found 7 outliers among 100 measurements (7.00%)
     1 (1.00%) low mild
     1 (1.00%) high mild
     5 (5.00%) high severe
   ``` 
   
   I think the next step is to find a way to make single-column sort 
expressions perform better in SortPreservingMerge, likely by providing 
specialized implementations of `SortPreservingMergeStream`'s inner cursor loop
   
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