legout commented on issue #31678:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/31678#issuecomment-1688905002

   Create toy dataset with parquet files having identical column types, but 
different column ordering.
   
   ```python
   import os
   import tempfile
   
   import pyarrow as pa
   import pyarrow.parquet as pq
   import pyarrow.dataset as pds
   
   t1 = pa.Table.from_pydict({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": ["a", "b", "c"]})
   t2 = pa.Table.from_pydict({"B": ["a", "b", "c"], "A": [1, 2, 3]})
   
   temp_path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
   
   pq.write_table(t1, os.path.join(temp_path, "t1.parquet"))
   pq.write_table(t2, os.path.join(temp_path, "t2.parquet"))
   
   ds = pds.dataset(temp_path)
   print(ds.to_table())
   ```
   ```
   pyarrow.Table
   A: int64
   B: string
   ----
   A: [[1,2,3],[1,2,3]]
   B: [["a","b","c"],["a","b","c"]]
   ```
   
   Collect metadata of the individual files and create the (global) metadata 
file.
   ```python
   metadata_collector = [frag.metadata for frag in ds.get_fragments()]
   
   metadata = metadata_collector[0]
   metadata.append_row_groups(metadata_collector[1])
   ```
   
   ```
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
   RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
   Cell In[193], line 2
         1 metadata = metadata_collector[0]
   ----> 2 metadata.append_row_groups(metadata_collector[1])
   
   File 
~/mambaforge/envs/pydala-dev/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pyarrow/_parquet.pyx:793,
 in pyarrow._parquet.FileMetaData.append_row_groups()
   
   RuntimeError: AppendRowGroups requires equal schemas.
   The two columns with index 0 differ.
   column descriptor = {
     name: A,
     path: A,
     physical_type: INT64,
     converted_type: NONE,
     logical_type: None,
     max_definition_level: 1,
     max_repetition_level: 0,
   }
   column descriptor = {
     name: B,
     path: B,
     physical_type: BYTE_ARRAY,
     converted_type: UTF8,
     logical_type: String,
     max_definition_level: 1,
     max_repetition_level: 0,
   }
   ```


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