bkietz commented on a change in pull request #9670:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/9670#discussion_r592357682



##########
File path: cpp/src/arrow/dataset/file_base.cc
##########
@@ -137,16 +130,69 @@ std::string FileSystemDataset::ToString() const {
   return repr;
 }
 
-Result<FragmentIterator> FileSystemDataset::GetFragmentsImpl(Expression 
predicate) {
-  FragmentVector fragments;
+void FileSystemDataset::SetupSubtreePruning() {
+  SubtreeImpl impl;
 
-  for (const auto& fragment : fragments_) {
-    ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
-        auto simplified,
-        SimplifyWithGuarantee(predicate, fragment->partition_expression()));
-    if (simplified.IsSatisfiable()) {
-      fragments.push_back(fragment);
+  auto encoded = impl.EncodeFragments(fragments_);
+
+  std::sort(encoded.begin(), encoded.end(),
+            [](const SubtreeImpl::Encoded& l, const SubtreeImpl::Encoded& r) {
+              return l.partition_expression < r.partition_expression;
+            });
+
+  for (const auto& e : encoded) {
+    if (e.fragment_index) {
+      fragments_and_subtrees_.emplace_back(*e.fragment_index);
+    } else {
+      fragments_and_subtrees_.emplace_back(impl.GetSubtreeExpression(e));
+    }
+  }
+
+  forest_ = Forest(static_cast<int>(encoded.size()), [&](int l, int r) {
+    if (encoded[l].fragment_index) {
+      // Fragment: not an ancestor.
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto& ancestor = encoded[l].partition_expression;
+    const auto& descendant = encoded[r].partition_expression;
+
+    if (descendant.size() >= ancestor.size()) {
+      return std::equal(ancestor.begin(), ancestor.end(), descendant.begin());
     }
+    return false;
+  });
+}
+
+Result<FragmentIterator> FileSystemDataset::GetFragmentsImpl(Expression 
predicate) {
+  std::vector<int> fragment_indices;
+
+  std::vector<Expression> predicates{predicate};
+  RETURN_NOT_OK(forest_.Visit(
+      [&](Forest::Ref ref) -> Result<bool> {
+        if (auto fragment_index = 
util::get_if<int>(&fragments_and_subtrees_[ref.i])) {
+          fragment_indices.push_back(*fragment_index);
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        const auto& subtree_expr = 
util::get<Expression>(fragments_and_subtrees_[ref.i]);
+        ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto simplified,
+                              SimplifyWithGuarantee(predicates.back(), 
subtree_expr));
+
+        if (!simplified.IsSatisfiable()) {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        predicates.push_back(std::move(simplified));
+        return true;
+      },
+      [&](Forest::Ref ref) { predicates.pop_back(); }));
+
+  std::sort(fragment_indices.begin(), fragment_indices.end());
+
+  FragmentVector fragments;
+  for (int i : fragment_indices) {
+    fragments.push_back(fragments_[i]);
   }

Review comment:
       ```suggestion
     FragmentVector fragments(fragment_indices.size());
     std::transform(fragment_indices.begin(), fragment_indices.end(), 
fragments.begin(), [](int i) {
       return fragments_[i];
     });
   ```




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