maxburke opened a new issue, #15886:
URL: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/issues/15886

   ### Describe the bug
   
   Referenced discussion: 
https://the-asf.slack.com/archives/C01QUFS30TD/p1745875862723149
   
   Given this table:
   
   ```
   > create table d1 (ul_node_id string);
   ```
   
   It appears that sorts are being removed from inner expressions. For example, 
here is a query with a sort expression:
   
   ```
   > explain select * from d1 ORDER BY encode(ul_node_id, 'base64') ASC NULLS 
LAST;
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | plan_type     | plan                          |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | physical_plan | ┌───────────────────────────┐ |
   |               | │          SortExec         │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │    encode(ul_node_id@0,   │ |
   |               | │      base64) ASC NULLS    │ |
   |               | │            LAST           │ |
   |               | └─────────────┬─────────────┘ |
   |               | ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ |
   |               | │       DataSourceExec      │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │          bytes: 0         │ |
   |               | │       format: memory      │ |
   |               | │          rows: 0          │ |
   |               | └───────────────────────────┘ |
   |               |                               |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   1 row(s) fetched.
   Elapsed 0.008 seconds.```
   
   If I wrap it in a no-op CTE the `SortExec` stage disappears:
   
   ```
   > explain WITH t0 AS (SELECT "ul_node_id", encode(ul_node_id, 'base64') FROM 
d1   ORDER BY encode(ul_node_id, 'base64') ASC NULLS LAST) SELECT  * FROM t0;
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | plan_type     | plan                          |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | physical_plan | ┌───────────────────────────┐ |
   |               | │       ProjectionExec      │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │ encode(d1.ul_node_id,Utf8(│ |
   |               | │        "base64")):        │ |
   |               | │ encode(ul_node_id, base64)│ |
   |               | │                           │ |
   |               | │        ul_node_id:        │ |
   |               | │         ul_node_id        │ |
   |               | └─────────────┬─────────────┘ |
   |               | ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ |
   |               | │       DataSourceExec      │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │          bytes: 0         │ |
   |               | │       format: memory      │ |
   |               | │          rows: 0          │ |
   |               | └───────────────────────────┘ |
   |               |                               |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   1 row(s) fetched.```
   
   Manually hoisting out the ORDER BY from the CTE causes it to appear in the 
plan:
   
   ```
   > explain WITH t0 AS (SELECT "ul_node_id", encode(ul_node_id, 'base64') FROM 
d1) SELECT * from t0   ORDER BY encode(ul_node_id, 'base64') ASC NULLS LAST;
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | plan_type     | plan                          |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   | physical_plan | ┌───────────────────────────┐ |
   |               | │          SortExec         │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │    encode(ul_node_id@0,   │ |
   |               | │      base64) ASC NULLS    │ |
   |               | │            LAST           │ |
   |               | └─────────────┬─────────────┘ |
   |               | ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ |
   |               | │       ProjectionExec      │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │ encode(d1.ul_node_id,Utf8(│ |
   |               | │        "base64")):        │ |
   |               | │ encode(ul_node_id, base64)│ |
   |               | │                           │ |
   |               | │        ul_node_id:        │ |
   |               | │         ul_node_id        │ |
   |               | └─────────────┬─────────────┘ |
   |               | ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ |
   |               | │       DataSourceExec      │ |
   |               | │    --------------------   │ |
   |               | │          bytes: 0         │ |
   |               | │       format: memory      │ |
   |               | │          rows: 0          │ |
   |               | └───────────────────────────┘ |
   |               |                               |
   +---------------+-------------------------------+
   1 row(s) fetched.
   ```
   
   ### To Reproduce
   
   _No response_
   
   ### Expected behavior
   
   _No response_
   
   ### Additional context
   
   _No response_


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