lyne7-sc commented on code in PR #19738:
URL: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/19738#discussion_r2682733920


##########
datafusion/spark/src/function/math/hex.rs:
##########
@@ -110,37 +111,88 @@ impl ScalarUDFImpl for SparkHex {
     }
 }
 
-fn hex_int64(num: i64) -> String {
-    format!("{num:X}")
-}
-
 /// Hex encoding lookup tables for fast byte-to-hex conversion
 const HEX_CHARS_LOWER: &[u8; 16] = b"0123456789abcdef";
 const HEX_CHARS_UPPER: &[u8; 16] = b"0123456789ABCDEF";
 
 #[inline]
-fn hex_encode<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(data: T, lower_case: bool) -> String {
-    let bytes = data.as_ref();
-    let mut s = String::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2);
-    let hex_chars = if lower_case {
+fn hex_int64(num: i64, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    if num == 0 {
+        buffer.push(HEX_CHARS_UPPER[0]);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut n = num as u64;
+    let mut temp = [0u8; 16];
+    let mut i = 16;
+    while n != 0 {
+        i -= 1;
+        let digest = (n & 0xF) as u8;
+        temp[i] = HEX_CHARS_UPPER[digest as usize];
+        n >>= 4;
+    }
+
+    buffer.extend_from_slice(&temp[i..]);
+}
+
+/// Generic hex encoding for byte array types
+fn hex_encode_bytes<'a, I, T>(
+    iter: I,
+    lowercase: bool,
+    len: usize,
+) -> Result<ColumnarValue, DataFusionError>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Option<T>>,
+    T: AsRef<[u8]> + 'a,
+{
+    let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(len, len * 64);
+    let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(64);
+    let hex_chars = if lowercase {
         HEX_CHARS_LOWER
     } else {
         HEX_CHARS_UPPER
     };
-    for &b in bytes {
-        s.push(hex_chars[(b >> 4) as usize] as char);
-        s.push(hex_chars[(b & 0x0f) as usize] as char);
+
+    for v in iter {
+        if let Some(b) = v {
+            buffer.clear();
+            let bytes = b.as_ref();
+            for &byte in bytes {
+                buffer.push(hex_chars[(byte >> 4) as usize]);
+                buffer.push(hex_chars[(byte & 0x0f) as usize]);
+            }
+            unsafe {
+                builder.append_value(from_utf8_unchecked(&buffer));
+            }
+        } else {
+            builder.append_null();
+        }
     }
-    s
+
+    Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish())))
 }
 
-#[inline(always)]
-fn hex_bytes<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(
-    bytes: T,
-    lowercase: bool,
-) -> Result<String, std::fmt::Error> {
-    let hex_string = hex_encode(bytes, lowercase);
-    Ok(hex_string)
+/// Generic hex encoding for int64 type
+fn hex_encode_int64<I>(iter: I, len: usize) -> Result<ColumnarValue, 
DataFusionError>

Review Comment:
   Understood, I've refactored the dictionary handling to explicitly check the 
validity bitmap of the values array using `is_valid`. 
   And I've also incorporated your test case to ensure this edge case is 
covered. Thanks for the detailed explanation and the doc link!



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