It is an old question. I met it in a computer science class in 1983/4, where I 
think it had previously been an exam question. The discussion in class went 
round in circles considering various recursive approaches. I think we missed 
main idea. Or perhaps I just didn't understand at the time. 

Think of it as a single-source shortest path problem. The surrounding sea is 
the single source. Instead of minimizing path distance from each cell to the 
sea you seek to minimize the height of the lowest barrier between each cell and 
the sea. 

Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is the way to go, with a fringe of cells 
kept in a priority queue. WC Leung's answer is exactly right.

For an exam question in about 1980, even when you have recently attended an 
algorithms course, I still think it quite hard.

 

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