Groundwave propagation distance is definitely dependent upon transmitter power, transmission mode, vertical antenna design and ground conductivity. Horizontal antennas produce virtually no ground or surface wave broadside to the antenna but they do produce some off of the ends. This is very general but you can expect true ground or surface wave between 300-3000 kc and more of a direct wave on HF between 3000- 30000 kc, with line of sight above 30000 kc. On VLF and LF propagation is more of a waveguide thing on the underside of the D layer. You might expect to see the following approximate ground or surface wave distances for given frequencies:
350 kc 400 miles 540 kc 200 miles 1800 kc 100 miles 3000 kc 60 miles 7000 kc 40 miles 28000 kc 10 miles Over water is a totally different story. At day on the beach at Cape Canaveral, FL you can here the MF AM broadcast band 50 KW stations in New York City at an approximate distance of 1000 miles. 73, Thomas F. Giella Space & Atmospheric Weather Forecaster C/S KN4LF 4208 Thackery Way Plant City, FL, USA 33566 EL87WX Florida Space & Atmospheric Weather Institute: http://www.kn4lf.com/fsawi.htm KN4LF Daily Solar Space Weather & Geomagnetic Data Archive: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf5.htm KN4LF 160 Meter Amateur Radio Resources & More: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf.htm --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free Thanks To Grisoft AVG. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.509 / Virus Database: 306 - Release Date: 8/12/2003 ---[Start Commercial]--------------------- World Radio TV Handbook 2003 is out! Order it now! http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823059677/hardcoredxcom ---[End Commercial]----------------------- ________________________________________ Hard-Core-DX mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://dallas.hard-core-dx.com/mailman/listinfo/hard-core-dx http://www.hard-core-dx.com/ _______________________________________________ THE INFORMATION IN THIS ARTICLE IS FREE. It may be copied, distributed and/or modified under the conditions set down in the Design Science License published by Michael Stutz at http://dsl.org/copyleft/dsl.txt
