Thank you Goh, these are great tips. Adding —removable to grub-install solved 
my problem at last. My new USB stick also thanks you, no more full installs.
Alan

Sent from my iPhone

> On Mar 17, 2020, at 22:57, Goh Lip <g....@gmx.com> wrote:
> 
> 
> 
>> On 2020-03-18 09:06, Alan Tu wrote:
>> Hello, I have a weird problem. I successfully use one bootable USB to
>> install Debian/Grub2/EFI to a second, blank USB. After installation,
>> the USB boots to Debian in multiple reboot and full shutdown cycles.
>> Then, I boot into Windows once without the USB target inserted, shut
>> down, and the target USB no longer boots.
> .
> .
>> After install, I can boot and reboot from the target USB multiple
>> times, and I have a wonderful Linux system to work and play with.
> .
> .
>> If I remove the target USB, boot into Windows from a cold boot, then
>> immediately shut down, then re-insert the target USB, Linux no longer
>> boots. I still boot into Windows. There are no beeps with the target
>> USB inserted.
>> 
> 
> 
> 
> You need to use "--removable" in the grub-install command to set it in a
> removable device. Redo the grub-install command with that "--removable".
> 
> And also to disable windows hiberfile (in windows) and fastboot (in
> bios) when dual-booting with windows.
> 
> 

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