As written in the GNU make manual: "VPATH: Search Path for All Prerequisites". 
VPATH is used by make for some purposes.  

The "-I" flag has nothing to do with make.  make passes the whole "gcc -I 
include" to the shell and does not know anything about it.  

Hence, -I and VPATH do not duplicate each other.  

-----Original Message-----
From: [email protected] 
[mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of MD.Mahbubur 
Rahman
Sent: Wednesday, September 28, 2011 10:04 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: Usage: CPPFLAGS vs VPATH


Dear all,
I have found below code in  a make file that uses CPPFLAGS and VPATH AS
FOLLOWS:

VPATH    = src include
CPPFLAGS = -I include

count_words: count_words.o counter.o lexer.o -lfl
        gcc $^ -o $@

count_words.o: count_words.c counter.h
        gcc $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

counter.o: counter.c counter.h lexer.h
        gcc $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

lexer.o: lexer.c lexer.h
        gcc $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

lexer.c: lexer.l
        flex -t $< > $@

My question is , if I use VPATH to tell MAKE to find the required files from
the paths mentioned in VPATH, than why should I need to use gcc $(CPPFLAGS)
<--- This kind of things? What is the mystery??
-- 
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