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Undilah PAS : MENENTANG KEZALIMAN & MENEGAKKAN KEADILAN
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HISTORY &
C_ U_ L_ T_ U_ R_ E
1947-PRESENT DAY
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Islamic state of Pakistan was born. The primary
concern of the new leaders was now to ensure the
economic survival of the country. It was no easy task;
unlike India, Pakistan had not inherited an organized
government. In all areas, the country had to start
from the scratch. There was the additional burden of
absorbing millions of Mahajirs, refugees from India.
But they soon became integrated into the new society,
many of them arriving in Karachi which had been
abandoned by the Hindus at the time of partition.
East and West Pakistan : Pakistan was geographically
unique. No other country in the world was divided into
two by 1,600 kilometers of foreign territory. East
Pakistan was smaller, comprising of one seventh of the
total area but its 45 million people represented 55
percent of the population. The only thing that the two
wings really had in common was religion.
Linguistically, culturally and economically, there
were great differences between East and West Pakistan.
The East was the home of Bengali people, the West was
made up of a tapestry of peoples and cultures of the
four provinces Sindh, Punjab, North West Frontier
Province and Baluchistan, as well as the
semi-autonomous kingdoms of the north.
Kashmir Issue : Much of Pakistan's early history was
dominated by the Kashmir issue and this has remained a
bone of contention between India and Pakistan ever
since. At Independence, Kashmir with its 80 percent
Muslim majority still hadn't chosen whether to join
India or Pakistan. Kashmir was given to a Hindu Gulab
Singh Dogra in 1846 and his descendants had rule ever
since. At the time of Independence, Hari Singh was the
ruler. Pakistani leaders felt that unless they made
the move for Kashmir, they would lose it. Pathan
tribes men led a holy war to save their Muslim
brothers and invaded the state on 22nd October 1947.
Seeing the invaders, Hari Singh panicked and signed
the accord by which Kashmir joined India. Indian Prime
Minister Nehru sent in 100,000 troops to crush what he
claimed was an invasion of Indian territory. United
Nations later determined a line of control, by which
Azad Kashmir was given to Pakistan and the territories
of Baltistan and Ladakh were divided.
Disturbances and Political Unstability : When Jinnah's
died in 1948, Pakistan plunged into mourning. He was
succeeded by Khwaja Nazimuddin, a distinguished
Bengali and with Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister.
At this time, Pakistan was in search of a
constitution. Liaquat Ali Khan, a believer in a
democratic secular state, worked towards presenting a
constitution but before he could proceed far, he was
assassinated in October 1951. A constitution was
finally drawn up in 1956, making Pakistan an Islamic
Republic.
In East Pakistan, autonomy movement was on the rise.
Military generals were not satisfied by the
politicians and they acted in 1958. The constitution
was abolished and martial law was declared. Iskandar
Mirza, president at that time, was forced to resign
and was replaced by General Mohammad Ayub Khan.
Once again, Kashmir issue surfaced. The willingness of
the Pakistanis to comply with UN resolution of
Kashmiri people deciding their own desting had never
been matched by the same kind of enthusiasm on the
part of the Indians. In 1964, India refused free vote
for the Kashmiris which resulted in a war in August
1965. The war lasted for a merely 17 days. While the
war itself came to an inconclusive end, the
overwhelming Muslim majority in Kashmir remained
subjects of India.
East Pakistan Conflict : Ayub Khan handed over power
to Commander-in-Chief General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
in March 1969. It was Yahya Khan's aim to restore
parliamentary democracy and he set elections for the
following year. In the elections, there were two main
contenders; Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, leader of Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) which towards the end of 1960s
had gained huge popular support in the West, and
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League, which had
emerged as the strongest party in Bengal. Election
resulted in PPP winning the majority of seats in the
West and Rahman's Awami League winning by big margin
in the East. Bengal was in population majority and the
League claimed it was in a position to dominate the
new National Assembly. The two leaders were on a
collision course. The dispute led to strikes and
Rahman declaring East Bengal a separate state in March
1971. The government of Pakistan was determined to
keep the country intact but Awami League was to break
away. But it was all over when India declared war on
Pakistan on 12th December 1971. Pakistan sustained a
major loss and by directly intervening in the
conflict, India had supported the creation of the new
independant country of Bangladesh.
Rise and Fall of Bhutto : A rich Sindhi landlord with
a western education, Bhutto had been a major figure on
the political scene for years. During his regime,
country prospered and was set on a course of
industrial and agricultural development. He gained
popularity in villages and poor industrial areas. He
also continued to stay on top on political stage in
Pakistan and easily won the next elections held in
1977. The opposition believed that the victory to
Bhutto came too easy and street demonstrations were
held which suddenly brought unstable political
platform. He declared martial law in Karachi, Lahore
and Hyderabad. General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq placed
Bhutto under house arrest and announced that he was
taking over as chief administrator of martial law.
Once again, the military found itself ruling Pakistan.
Bhutto was death sentenced for suspicion of ordering
the murder of political opponent. He was hanged in
Rawalpindi on 4th April 1979.
Zia's regime : Zia took over the country and continued
to govern the country until his death in 1988. He was
a firm believer in law and order. With his help, the
country began to orient itself towards the Muslim
world. He appointed the Islamic Ideology Council which
sought to Islamize the country by bringing existing
laws into conformity with Islamic principles.
Zia proceeded with governing the country according to
his light. Up until 1983, the provinces remained calm
under Zia. In that year, the Movement for the
Restoration of Democracy launched a mass campaign for
a return of free elections. The movement took off in
Sindh and soon took control. There were bombs thrown
in Karachi and the province of Sindh was aflame. The
Sindh riots made Zia think and he announced that
elections would be held in 1985. But before the new
assembly event met, Zia ammended the constitution
enabling him to dismiss parliament at will. He indeed
sacked parliament in 1988. He died soon afterwards.
Continued unstability : In 1988 elections, Ms. Benazir
Bhutto became Prime Minister. She is the daughter of
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She ruled only for 20 months
before the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan relieved her of
office in 1990 because of "corruption, nepotism and
ineffectiveness." Since then, two major parties have
been on the political forefront. One is the Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) led by Ms. Benazir Bhutto and the
other is Islamic Democratic Alliance (originally
formed by Muslim League) led by Punjab's Nawaz Sharif.
Present Situation : Current prime minister is Mian
Nawaz Sharif and the president is Mr. Farooq Laghari.
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