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PAS : KE ARAH PEMERINTAHAN ISLAM YANG ADIL
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Greater and 'Lesser' Jihad?
By Abu Khubayb and Abu Zubayr
THE SLANDERED JIHAD
Among the erroneous notions aimed at stifling the spirit of Jihad in this
Ummah is the idea of 'greater' and
'lesser' Jihads. According to this belief, striving against desires of the
self is considered the Greater Jihad,
which makes the Jihad of the battlefield the Lesser Jihad. This idea is
based upon a story mentioned by al
Khatib al Baghdadi in his book, "The History of Baghdad", by way of Yahya
ibn al 'Ala', who said,
"We were told by Layth, on the authority of 'Ata', on the authority of Abu
Rabah, on the authority of
Jabir, who said, 'The Prophet (salallaahu 'alayhee wa sallam) returned from
one of his battles, and
thereupon told us, 'You have arrived with an excellent arrival, you have
come from the Lesser Jihad
to the Greater Jihad - the striving of a servant (of Allah) against his
desires.''"
This concept, despite the fact that it is based on a hadeeth, can be refuted
from several aspects, of which we
shall mention the following.
Firstly:
This hadeeth cannot be used to establish proof, for Al Bayhaqi has said
regarding it, that "Its chain of
narration is weak. (Da'eef)", Al Suyuti also pronounced a verdict of
weakness on it in his book, "Al Jam'i
al Saghir".
Somebody might claim that da'eef (weak) Ahadeeth can be accepted in matters
of superogatory virtuous
deeds. This is unacceptable, for we do not believe that Jihad can be a
superogatory deed. Indeed, how can
it be so when the Messenger of Allah (salallaahu 'alayhee wa sallam) has
said that the asceticism of his
Ummah lies in Jihad?
Furthermore, anybody who follows up on Yahya ibn al 'Ala', the narrator of
the hadeeth, will find in his
biography things which will make him forsake the man's Ahadeeth. Ibn Hajar
al 'Asqalani said about him in
"Al-Taqrib",
"he was accused of forging Ahadeeth."
Al Dhahabi said in "Al-Mizan",
"Abu Hatim said that he is not a strong narrator, Ibn Mu'in classified him
as weak, al Daraqutni said
that he is to be neglected, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal said that he is a liar and
a forger of Ahadeeth."
Secondly:
This hadeeth explicitly contradicts clear verses of the Qur'an. Allah the
Mighty, the Majestic, says,
(Translation of the Meaning),
"Those believers who sit back are not equal to those who perform
Jihad in the
Path of Allah with their wealth and their selves. Allah has favored those
who perform Jihad
with their wealth and their selves by degrees over those who sit back.
To both (groups) has
Allah promised good, but Allah has favored the mujahideen with a great
reward, by ranks
from Him, and with Forgiveness, over those who sit back. And Allah is
Oft-Forgiving,
Most-Merciful."
Qur'an [4:95-96]
Thirdly:
This hadeeth contradicts mutawatir (mass-narrated) Ahadeeth which have been
reported from the
Prophet (salallaahu 'alayhee wa sallam), and which make plain the excellence
of Jihad. We will mention a
few of these.
"A morning or an evening spent in the Path of Allah is better
than
the world and all it contains."
[Bukhari and Muslim]
"Standing for an hour in the ranks of battle in the Path of
Allah is better
than standing for sixty years (in prayer)."
[Sahih al- Jami']
Abu Hurayrah (radiallaahu 'anhu) said,
"Is any of you able to stand in prayer without stopping, and to fast
continuously for as long as he
lives?" The people said, "Oh Abu Hurayrah! Who could endure that?" He said,
"By Allah! A day of a mujaahid in the Path of Allah is better
than that."
The claim of those who say that the 'struggle against the self' is the
Greater Jihad because the individual is put
to test by day and by night, may be refuted by the following hadeeth: On the
authority of Rashid, on the
authority of Sa'd (radiallaahu 'anhu), on the authority of one of the
Companions, that a man said, "Oh
Messenger of Allah! Why is it that the believers are all put to trial in
their graves, except for the
martyrs?" He (salallaahu 'alayhee wa sallam) said,
"The clashing of swords above his head was sufficient trial for
him."
[Sahih al-Jam'i]
Fourthly:
This erroneous and slanderous notion involves injustice and wrong to the
status of the mujahideen. Allah
(Ta'aala) has ordered us to practice justice in our verdicts, saying,
(Translation of the Meaning),
"Be just, it is closer to piety; and fear Allah. Allah is aware of
what you do."
Qur'an [5:8]
Is it any part of justice and fair treatment for us to say that our brethren
in the land of attention and battle are
in a lesser Jihad when the mines are exploding beneath their feet, with the
result that their bodies fly into the
air, and their limbs and blood are scattered all over, to the extent that
their pure corpses cannot be contained
in a grave?
And that is for the sake of Allah, and if He wills,
He may bless the limbs of a body torn to pieces.
Were these youths in a lesser Jihad, while our fasting, and breaking our
fasts on the most delicious of food
are then a greater Jihad?...
By Allah! This is an unequal measure, and if you were to put the matter
before the most knowledgeable
people on earth, they would never arrive at such a disparate verdict.
Fifthly:
The Egyptian, Dr. Muhammad Amin says, in his book, "The Path of Islamic
Propagation",
"Jihad of the self and Jihad by wealth, if they do not lead one to establish
the Call of Truth, and to
stand beside it, enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong, and
contributing one's life and wealth
in the Path of Allah, are deficient Jihads containing inadequacy.
It is astonishing that the hour of testing and of severity, in which the
feet are shaken and the heart
reaches the throat, can be called the Hour of the Lesser Jihad, while the
hours of safety and comfort
in secure homes, in the midst of one's family and friends, can be called
hours of the Greater Jihad!
In the like of such appellations do the holders-back rejoice in their
sitting behind from obeying the
Messenger of Allah (salallaahu 'alayhee wa sallam) and his Companions
(radiallaahu 'anhum)? Such
people find contentment and comfort in this way, while in reality they only
deceive their weak souls,
for the true values of the deeds are entirely the opposite."
Finally, we conclude with some verses which were sent by the mujaahid
scholar 'Abdullaah ibn al
Mubarak, from the land of Jihad to his friend Al Fudayl ibn 'Iyad, who used
to preach to the rulers and
make them cry, yet did not seek any payment, being a sincere worshipper.
Oh worshipper in the Two Sanctuaries, if you could only behold
us,
You would see that you, in your devotions, are only
playing.
If you are one whose cheek is tinged with his tears,
Then our chests are dyed with our blood.
- Abu Khubayb
The Pretended Jihad
Some people may be astonished when they hear a person describing Jihad in
person as a lesser Jihad, or
who deems fighting in the Path of Allah (Ta'aala) little in comparison to
other acts of devotion. However, if
we pursue the lives of these people, look at their histories and investigate
the reason for their confusion
regarding the matter, we will find that the explanation for their stance is
simple. These are the people who
people undervalue Jihad and give priority to studying in universities,
writing in magazines, and giving
speeches in conferences over fighting and being martyred. By examining their
lives, one will find a common
denominator which brings them together in deficiency and unites them in
their vantage point.
The common denominator among the feeble and those who hold back from Jihad
(the people of theories
and concepts) is that they have not participated in Jihad. The opportunity
has not presented itself to these
people (by the Will of Allah Ta'aala), nor have they had the good fortune to
join a camp of mujahideen. In
such a camp there is a lack of luxuries and a scarcity of necessities which
would make them feel the
difference between a day in the camp and a similar day in the university
with its food, entertainment, and
air-conditioned class rooms.
How can these people recognize the true value of Jihad when they have not
participated in the
regiments of war nor entered into the arenas of tumult?
If a man plunges into a single battle, it will be sufficient to correct all
his misconceptions. The soldier, in only
a few hours, may see things whose horror would make children gray haired:
bombs and splinters sweeping
away the souls of the most beloved of his Brethren who shared with him his
traveling, training, ribat
(guarding the front line), and Jihad. What will be the situation of these
people when the rockets and shells
are exploding over their heads and beneath their feet? How will it be when
they see with their very own eyes
the scattering of arms, legs and intestines so that a healthy body with
well-proportioned limbs will become
handicapped, dismembered, or paralyzed?...
This then is the underlying reason for the confusion on the part of those
who underrate Jihad.
In a few hours or days, the mujaahid sees, with his own eyes, such
hardships, trials, and tribulations as
others do not see in decades. It will be impossible for anyone who engages
in this experience of Jihad to
equate physical Jihad with other pacifistic means of Da'wah. Therefore,
anyone who disputes with the
mujaahid in the issue of Jihad or who calls people to abandon fighting
should join a camp, even if only as a
servant. Or he should participate in a battle even if only as a cook.
Then after that, we will see if, in his opinion, the pen is equal to the
Kalashnikov.
- Abu Zubayr
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