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PAS : KE ARAH PEMERINTAHAN ISLAM YANG ADIL
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ON TASAWWUF: al-Hasan al-Basri (d. 110)
One of the early formal Sufis in both the general and the literal
sense, as he wore all his life a cloak of wool (suf). The son of a
freedwoman of Umm Salama's (the Prophet's wife) and a freedman of Zayd
ibn Thabit's (the Prophet's stepson), this great Imam of Basra, the
leader of saints and scholars in his day, was known for his strict and
encompassing embodiment of the Sunna of the Prophet. He was also famous
for his immense knowledge, his austerity and asceticism, his fearless
remonstrances of the authorities, and his power of attraction both in
discourse and appearance.
Ibn al-Jawzi wrote a 100-page book on his life and manners entitled
Adab al-Shaykh al-Hasan ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Basri. In his chapter on
al-Hasan in Sifat al-safwa, he mentions a report that al-Hasan left
behind a white cloak (jubba) made of wool which he had worn exclusively
of any other for the past twenty years, winter and summer, and that
when he died it was in a state of immaculate beauty, cleanness, and
quality.(1)
In the book he devoted to the sayings and the deeds of Sufis, Rawdat
al-muhibbin wa nuzhat al-mushtaqin (The garden of the lovers and the
excursion of the longing ones), Ibn Qayyim relates:
A group of women went out on the day of `Eid and went about looking at
people. They were asked: "Who is the most handsome person you have seen
today?" They replied: "It is a shaykh wearing a black turban." They
meant Hasan al-Basri.(2)
The hadith master Abu Nu`aym al-Isfanahi (d. 430) mentions in his
biographies of Sufis entitled Hilyat al-awliya' (The adornment of the
saints) that it is al-Hasan's student `Abd al-Wahid ibn Zayd (d. 177)
who was the first person to build a Sufi khaniqa or guest-house and
school at Abadan on the present-day border of Iran with Iraq.(3)
It was on the basis of Hasan al-Basri and his students' fame as Sufis
that Ibn Taymiyya stated: "Tasawwuf's place of origin is Basra" in his
essay al-Sufiyya wa al-fuqara.(4) This is a misleading assertion
tantamount to accusing al-Hasan of having invented tasawwuf. Rather,
Basra is chief among the places of renown for the formal development of
the schools of purification which became known as tasawwuf, but whose
principles are none other than the Qur'an and the Sunna as we have
already demonstrated at length.
Ghazali relates al-Hasan's words on Jihad al-nafs in the section of his
Ihya' entitled Kitab riyadat al-nafs wa tahdhib al- akhlaq wa mu`alajat
amrad al-qalb (Book of the training of the ego and the disciplining of
manners and the healing of the heart's diseases) that Hasan al-Basri
said:
Two thoughts roam over the soul, one from Allah, one from the enemy.
Allah shows mercy on a servant who settles at the thought that comes
from Him. He embraces the thought that comes from Allah, while he
fights against the one from his enemy. To illustrate the heart's mutual
attraction betwen these two powers the Prophet said: "The heart of a
believer lies between two fingers of the Merciful"(5)... The fingers
stand for upheaval and hesitation in the heart... If man follows the
dictates of anger and appetite, the dominion of shaytan appears in him
through idle passions [hawa] and his heart becomes the nesting-place
and container of shaytan, who feeds on hawa. If he does battle with his
passions and does not let them dominate his nafs, imitating in this the
character of the angels, at that time his heart becomes the
resting-place of angels and they alight upon it.
A measure of the extent of Hasan al-Basri's extreme godwariness and
scrupulosity (wara`) is given by his following statement, also quoted
by Ghazali:
Forgetfulness and hope are two mighty blessings upon the progeny of
Adam; but for them the Muslims would not walk in the streets.(6)
Notes: (1) Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat al-safwa 2(4):10 (#570). (2) Ibn
al-Qayyim, Rawdat al-muhibbin p. 225. (3) Abu Nu`aym, Hilyat al-awliya'
6:155. (4) Ibn Taymiyya, al-Tasawwuf in Majmu`a al-fatawa al-kubra
11:16. (5) Narrated by Muslim, Ahmad, Tirmidhi, and Ibn Majah. (6) In
Ghazali, trans. T.J. Winter, The remembrance of death p. 18.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blessings and Peace on the Prophet, his Family, and his Companions
[Reproduced with permission from Shaykh M. Hisham Kabbani's The
Repudiation of "Salafi" Innovations (ASFA, 1996) p. 274-276.]
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