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PAS : KE ARAH PEMERINTAHAN ISLAM YANG ADIL
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Essays by Dr Abu Ameena Bilal Philips
FORTUNETELLING
***************
There are among mankind, people who claim knowledge of the unseen and the
future. They are known by various names, among them: fortune-teller,
soothsayer, foreseer, augur, magician, prognosticator, oracle, astrologer,
palmist, etc. Fortune-tellers use various methods and mediums from which
they claim to extract their information, among them: reading tea-leaves,
drawing lines, writing numbers, palm-reading, casting horoscopes, crystal
ball gazing, rattling bones, throwing sticks, etc.
Practitioners of occult arts, which claim to reveal the unseen and predict
the future, can be divided into two main categories:
1. Those who have no real knowledge or secrets but depend on telling
their customers about general incidences which happen to most people. They
often go through a series of meaningless rituals, then make calculatedly
general guesses. Some of their guesses, due to their generality, usually
come true. Most people tend to remember the few predictions that come true
and quickly forget the many which do not. This tendency is a result of the
fact that after some time all the predictions tend to become half-forgotten
thoughts in the subconscious until something happens to trigger their
recall. For example, it has become a common practice in North America to
publish, at the beginning of each year the various predictions of famous
fortune-tellers. When a survey was taken of the various predictions for the
year 1980, it was found that the most accurate fortune-teller among them was
only 24% accurate in her predictions!
2. The second group are those who have made contact with the Jinn. This
group is of most importance because it usually involves the grave sin of
Shirk, and those involved often tend to be highly accurate in their
information and thus present a real Fitnah (temptations) for both Muslims
and non-Muslims alike.
World of the Jinn
Some people have attempted to deny the reality of the Jinn about whom the
Qur'an has devoted a whole chapter, Soorah al-Jinn (72). By relying on the
literal meaning of the word Jinn which comes from the verb Janna, Yajunnu:
"to cover, hide or conceal", they claim that the word Jinn really refers to
"clever foreigners". Others have even stated that a Jinn is a human who does
not have a true mind in his head but he has a fiery nature. But, the reality
is that the Jinn represent another creation of Allaah, which co-exists with
man on the earth. Allaah created the Jinn before He created mankind, and He
also used a different set of elements than those used for man. Allaah said:
"Verily we created man from dried clay, from black putrid mud. And we
created the Jinn before that from a fiery wind." (Surah al-Hijr 15:26)
They were named Jinn because they are hidden from the eyes of mankind.
Iblees (Satan) is from the world of the Jinn, even though he was among the
angels when they were commanded by Allaah to prostrate to Adam. When he
refused to prostrate and was asked why, Allaah said: "He said, 'I am better
than he is. You (Allah) created me from fire and You created him from clay!"
(Surah Saad; 38:76)
'Aa'esha reported that the Prophet (pbuh) said, "The angels were created
from light and the Jinn from smokeless fire." (Sahih Muslim)
Allaah also said, "And when We told the angels to prostrate to Adam, they
all prostrated except Iblees. He was of the Jinn." (Surah al-Kahf, 18:50)
Therefore it is incorrect to consider him a fallen angel or the like.
The Jinn may first be divided into three broad categories in relation to
their modes of existence. The Prophet (pbuh) said: "There are three types of
Jinn: One type which flies in the air all the time, another type which
exists as snakes and dogs, and an earthbound type which resides in one place
or wanders about. " (At-Tabaree and al-Haakim)
The Jinn may be further divided into two categories in relationship to their
faith: Muslims (believers) and Kaafirs (disbelievers). Allaah refers to the
believing Jinn in Soorah al-Jinn as follows: "Say: It has been revealed
to me that a group of Jinn listened and said, 'Verily we have heard a
marvellous Qur'an. It guides unto righteousness so we have believed in it.
And, we will never make partners with our Lord. He, may our Lord's glory be
exalted, has not taken a wife nor a son. What the foolish ones among us used
to say about Allaah is a horrible lie."(Surah al-Jinn 72:1-4)
"And there are among us Muslims and others who are unjust. Whoever accepts
Islam has sought out the right path. As for those who are unjust, they will
be fuel for the Hell fire." (Surah Jinn 72:14)
The disbelievers among the Jinn are referred to by various names in both
Arabic and English: 'Ifreet, Shaytaan, Qareen, demons, devils, spirits,
ghosts, etc. They try to misguide man in various ways. Whoever listens to
them and becomes a worker for them is referred to as human Shaytaan (devil).
Allaah said: "Likewise, we have made for every Prophet an enemy, Shaytaans
from among mankind and the Jinn. (Surah al-An'aam 6:112)
Every human has an individual Jinn accompanying him referred to as a Qareen
(i.e. companion). This is a part of man's test in this life. The Jinn
encourage his lower desires and constantly try to divert him from
righteousness. The Prophet (pbuh) referred to this relationship as follows,
"Everyone of you has been assigned a companion from the Jinn. " The Sahaabah
asked, "Even you, O Messenger of Allaah?" And the Prophet replied, "Even me,
except that Allaah has helped me against him and he has submitted. Now he
only tells me to do good."(Muslim)
Prophet Sulaymaan (Solomon) was given miraculous control over the Jinn, as a
sign of his prophethood. Allaah said: "And, we gathered for Sulaymaan his
army from the Jinn, mankind and the birds." (Surah an-Naml 27:17) and they
were all kept in order and ranks.
But this power was not given to anyone else. No one else is allowed to
control the Jinn and no one can. The Prophet said, "Verily an 'Ifr-eeit from
among the Jinn spat on me last night trying to break my Salaah. However
Allaah let me overpower him and I wanted to tie him to one of the columns in
the masjid so that you all could see him in the morning. Then, I remembered
my brother Sulaymaan's prayer: 'Oh my Lord, forgive me and bestow on me a
kingdom not allowed to anyone after me.' (Surah Saad 38:35) (Al-Bukhari and
Muslim)
Man cannot gain control over the Jinn as this was a special miracle given
only to Prophet Sulaymaan. In fact, contact with the Jinn in circumstances
other than possession, or accident is most often made by the performance of
sacrilegious acts despised and forbidden in the religion. The evil Jinn
summoned in this fashion may aid their partners in sin and disbelief in God.
Their goal is to draw as many others as they can into the gravest of sins,
the worship of others besides or along with God.
Once contact and contract with the Jinn are made by fortune-tellers, the
Jinn may inform them of certain events in the future. The Prophet (pbuh)
described how the Jinn gather information about the future. He related that
the Jinn were able to travel to the lower reaches of the heavens and listen
in on some of the information about the future, which the angels pass among
themselves. They would then return to the earth and feed the information to
their human contacts.(Bukhari and Muslim) This used to happen a lot prior to
the prophethood of Muhammad (pbuh) and fortune-tellers were very accurate in
their information. They were able to gain positions in the royal courts and
enjoyed much popularity and were even worshipped in some regions of the
world.
After the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) began his mission the situation changed.
Allaah had the angels guard the lower reaches of the heavens carefully, and
most of the Jinn were chased away with meteors and shooting stars. Allaah
described this phenomena in the following Qur'anic statement made by one of
the Jinn, "We (the Jinn) had sought out the heavens but found it filled with
strong guardians and meteors. We used to sit on high places in order to
listen, but whoever listens now finds a flame waiting for him."'
Allaah also said, "And We have guarded it (the heavens) from every cursed
devil, except the one who is able to snatch a hearing and, he is pursued by
a brightly burning flame."(Surah al-Hijr 15:17)
Ibn 'Abbaas said, "When the Prophet and a group of his companions set out
for the Ukaadh market, the devils were blocked from hearing information in
the heavens. Meteors were let loose on them, so they returned to their
people. When their people asked what happened, they told them. Some
suggested that something must have happened, so they spread out over the
earth seeking the cause. Some of them came across the Prophet and his
companions while they were in Salaah and they heard the Qur'an. They said to
themselves that this must have been what blocked them from listening. When
they returned to their people they told them, 'Verily we have heard a
marvellous Qur'an. It guides unto righteousness so we believed in it. And we
will never make partners with our Lord.' (Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and
Ahmad)
Thus, the Jinn could no longer gather information about the future as easily
as they could before the Prophet's (pbuh) mission. Because of that, they now
mix their information with many lies. The Prophet said: "They (the Jinn)
would pass the information back down until it reaches the lips of a magician
fortune-teller. Sometimes a meteor would overtake them before they could
pass it on. If they passed it on before being struck, they would add to it a
hundred lies." (Al-Bukhari and Tirmidhi)
'Aa'eshah reported that when she asked Allaah's messenger (pbuh) about
fortune-tellers, he replied that they were nothing. She then mentioned that
the fortune-tellers sometimes told them things, which were true. The Prophet
(pbuh) said: "That is a bit of truth which the Jinn steals and cackles in
the ear of his friend; but he mixes along with it a hundred lies."
(al-Bukhari, Muslim)
Once while 'Umar ibn al-Khattaab was sitting, a handsome man, Sawaad Ibn
Qaarib passed by him. 'Umar said: "If I'm not wrong, this person is still
following his religion of pre-Islamic times or perhaps he was one of their
fortune-tellers." He ordered that the man be brought to him and asked him
about, what he suspected. The man replied, "I have never seen a day like
this where a Muslim is faced with such accusations." 'Umar said, "Verily I
am determined that you should inform me." The man then said, "I was their
fortune-teller in the time of ignorance." On hearing that 'Umar asked, "Tell
me about the strangest thing which your female Jinn told you." The man then
said, "One day, while I was in the market, she came to me all worried and
said, 'Have you not seen the Jinns in their despair after their disgrace?
And their following of she-camels and their riders." 'Umar interjected, "It
is true." (Al-Bukhari)
The Jinns are also able to inform their human contact of the relative
future. For example, when someone comes to a fortune-teller, the
fortune-teller's Jinn gets information from the man's Qareen (the jinn
assigned to every human being) of what plans he had made prior to his
coming. So the fortune-teller is able to tell him that he will do this or
that, or go here or there. By this method, the real fortune-teller is also
able to learn about a stranger's past in vivid detail. He is able to tell a
total stranger of his parents' names, where he was born, the acts of his
childhood, etc. The ability to vividly describe the past is one of the marks
of a true fortune-teller who has made contact with the Jinn. Because the
Jinn are able to traverse huge distances instantaneously, they are also able
to gather huge stores of information about hidden things, lost articles and
unobserved events. Proof of this ability can be found in the Qur'an, in the
story about Prophet Sulaymaan and Bilqees, the Queen of Sheba. When Queen
Bilqees came to see him, he asked the Jinn to bring her throne from her
land. "An Ilfreet from among the Jinns said, I will bring it for you before
you can get up from your place. Verily, I am strong and trustworthy for the
assignment.(Surah an-Naml)
The Islamic Ruling on Fortune-telling
Because of the sacrilege and heresy involved in fortune telling, Islam has
taken a very strong stance towards it. Islam opposes any form of association
with those who practice fortune-telling, except to advise them to give up
their forbidden practices.
Visitation of Fortune-tellers
The Prophet (pbuh) laid down principles, which clearly forbade any form of
visitation of fortune-tellers. Safiyyah reported from Hafsah (wife of the
Prophet) that the Prophet (pbuh) said, "The Salaah of whoever approaches a
fortune-teller and asks him about anything will not be accepted for 40 days
and nights."(Muslim) The punishment in this Hadeeth is for simply
approaching a fortune-teller and asking him questions out of curiosity. This
prohibition is further supported by Mu'aawiyah Ibn al-Hakam asSalamee's
Hadeeth in which he said, "O Messenger of Allaah, verily there are some
people among us who visit oracles. " The Prophet (pbuh) replied, "Do not go
to them". Such a severe punishment has been assigned for only visitation
because it is the first step to belief in fortune-telling. If one went there
doubtful about its reality, and some of the fortune-teller's predictions
come true, one will surely become a true devotee of the fortune-teller and
an ardent believer in fortune-telling. The individual who approaches a
fortune-teller is still obliged to make his compulsory Salaah throughout the
40 day period, even though he gets no reward from his prayers. If he
abandons the Salaah all together, he has committed another major sin. This
is similar to the Islamic ruling in the case of Salaah on or in stolen
property, according to the majority of Jurists. They hold that whenever
obligatory Salaah is performed, it produces two results under normal
circumstances:
1. It removes the obligation of that prayer from the individual.
2. It earns him a reward.
If Salaah is performed on or in stolen property it removes the obligation of
Salaah, but it is devoid of reward. Consequently, the Prophet forbade
praying the same obligatory prayers twice.
Belief in Fortune-tellers
The Islamic ruling with regard to anyone who visits a fortune-teller
believing that he knows the unseen and the future is that of Kufr
(disbelief). Abu Hurayrah and al-Hasan both reported from the Prophet (pbuh)
that he said, "Whosoever approaches a fortune-teller and believes what he
says, has disbelieved in what was revealed to Muhammad. Such a belief
assigns to creation some of Allaah's attributes with regard to the knowledge
of the unseen and the future. Consequently, it destroys Tawheed alAsmaa
was-Sifaat, and represents a form of Shirk in this aspect of Tawheed.
The ruling of Kufr includes, by analogy (Qiyaas), those who read the books
and writings of fortune-tellers, listen to them on the radio or watch them
on the T. V., as, these are the most common means used by 20th century
fortune-tellers to spread their predictions.
Allaah clearly states in al-Qur'an that no one knows the unseen besides Him.
Not even the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Allaah said: With Him are the keys to
the unseen and none knows it except Him alone."
Then he told the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), "Say! I have no power to bring
good to myself nor avert harm but it is only as Allah wills. If it were that
I knew the unseen, I would have multiplied the good and no evil would have
touched me."
And he also said: "Say! None in the heavens nor the earth knows the 'unseen
except Allah'."
Therefore, all the various methods used around the world by oracles,
fortune-tellers, and the likes, are forbidden to Muslims.
Palm-reading, I-Ching, fortune cookies, tea leaves as well as Zodiacal signs
and Bio-rhythm computer programs, all claim to inform those who believe in
them about their future. However, Allaah has stated in no uncertain terms
that He alone knows the future: ''Verily the knowledge of the Hour is with
Allaah alone. It is He who sends down the rain and knows the contents of the
wombs. No one knows what he will earn tomorrow nor in which land he will
die, but Allaah is all-knowing and aware."(Surah Luqmaan 31:34)
Therefore, Muslims must take utmost care in dealing with books, magazines,
newspapers as well as individuals who, in one way or another, claim
knowledge of the future or the unseen. For example, when a Muslim
weather-man predicts rain, snow, or other climatic conditions for tomorrow
he should add the phrase, "In ShaaAllaah (If Allaah so wishes)". Likewise,
when the Muslim doctor informs her patient that she will deliver a child in
9 months or on such and such a day, she should take care to add the phrase
"In ShaaAllaah", as such statements are only estimations based on
statistical information.
HOROSCOPE
**********
Not only is the practice of astrology Haraam as mentioned earlier, but also
visiting an astrologist and listening to his predictions, buying books on
astrology or reading one’s horoscope are also forbidden! Since astrology is
mainly used for predicting the future, those who practice it are considered
fortune-tellers. Consequently, one who seeks his horoscope comes under the
ruling contained in the Prophet’s statement: "The Salaah (daily prayer) of
whoever approaches a fortune-teller and asks him about anything will not be
accepted for forty days and nights." [Reported by Hafsah and collected by
Muslim (Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), vol. 4, p. 1211, no. 5440).]
As was mentioned in the previous chapter, the punishment in this Hadeeth is
simply for approaching and asking the astrologist, even if one is in doubt
about the truth of his statements. If one is in doubt about the truth or
falsehood of astrological information, he is in doubt about whether or not
others know the unseen and the future besides Allaah. This is a form of
Shirk because Allaah has clearly stated:
"With Him are the keys to the unseen and none knows it except Him" [Soorah
al-An`aa,m 6:59]
"Say: None in the heavens or earth knows the unseen except Allaah." [Soorah
an-Naml 27:65]
If, however, one believes in the predictions of their horoscope, whether
spoken by an astrologist or written in books of astrology, he falls directly
into Kufr (disbelief) as stated by the Prophet (sallallahu `alayhi wa
sallam) "Whoever approaches an oracle or fortune-teller and believes in what
he says, has disbelieved in what was revealed to Muhammad." [Reported by Abu
Hurayrah and collected by Ahmad and Abu Daawood (Sunan Abu Dawud (English
Trans.), vol. 3, p. 1095, no. 3895).]
Like the previous Hadeeth, this Hadeeth literally refers to the
fortune-teller but it is just as applicable to the astrologist. Both claim
knowledge of the future. The astrologist’s claim is just as opposed to
Tawheed as the ordinary fortune-teller. He claims that people’s
personalities are determined by the stars, and their future actions and the
events of their lives are written in the stars. The ordinary fortune-teller
claims that the formation of tea leaves at the bottom of a cup, or lines in
a palm tell him the same thing. In both cases individuals claim the ability
to read in the physical formation of created objects knowledge of the
unseen.
Belief in astrology and the casting of horoscopes are in clear opposition to
the letter and spirit of Islaam. It is really the empty soul, which has not
tasted real Eemaan (belief) that seeks out these paths. Essentially these
paths, represent a vain attempt to escape Qadar (fate). The ignorant believe
that if they know what is in store for them tomorrow, they can prepare from
today. In that way they may avoid the bad and ensure the good. Yet, Allaah’s
messenger was told by Allaah to say:
"If I knew the unseen, I would surely have only sought the good. But, I am
only a warner and a bearer of glad tidings for believers." [Soorah al-A`raaf
7:188]
True Muslims are therefore obliged to stay far away from these areas. Thus,
rings, chains, etc., which have the signs of the Zodiac on them should not
be worn, even if one does not believe in them. They are part and parcel of a
fabricated system which propagates Kufr and should be done away with
entirely. No believing Muslim should ask another what his sign is, or
attempt to guess his sign. Nor should he or she read horoscope columns in
newspapers or listen to them read. And, any Muslim who allows astrological
predictions to determine his actions, should seek Allaah’s forgiveness and
renew his Islaam.
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