Hi Makarius,

| A system like HOL-Light has the advantage that the reader gets quickly an
| impression what the basic logic functionality is meant to be.  This gives
| some certainty under additional assumptions, i.e. that the ML really is
| what it seems at first sight, and that certain bad things are not done in
| practice. (Say someone taking apart terms and mutating the names of
| constants.)

That is true. I actually had in mind not so much a practical metric of
ultimate certainty, but more the conceptual feeling that you
completely understand in principle what's going on when you prove a
theorem and know and trust the underlying logical rules.

The question of providing ultimate assurance is a bit different, but I
think any system with a small kernel of simple logical steps provides
a relatively easy path to such certainty for those that care enough.
In particular, one can generate a proof trace and check it in a
specially designed system like HOL Zero or even write one's own proof
checker. This certainly applies to HOL Light and Isabelle, with Coq a
more arguable case. (Although it has a small kernel, this involves a
quite complex evaluation mechanism.)

| Driving this further and further, adding infrastructure to address
| weaknesses of the implementation and other side-conditions, you get to a
| highly complex system like Isabelle.  Here the idea is to provide a secure
| and fast environment to the end-user, like an operating system does, but
| the first impression that one could easily understand it is lost.

Yes, I think the two approaches are nicely complementary and probably
appeal to different people. So there is room for both styles.

John.

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