Apa sudah keliatan efek turn around di teknologi seperti di bidang farmasi ? Kayanya blm ada tuh Yg marak diberitakan justru soal perseteruan antar produsen mengenai pelanggaran desain dsb
Live a dreaming life not a dream world -----Original Message----- From: (Ryo Saeba) <[email protected]> Sender: [email protected] Date: Sun, 10 Jun 2012 08:38:25 To: <[email protected]> Reply-To: [email protected] Subject: Re: [id-android] FOSS Patents: Apple requests U.S. preliminary injunction against the Samsung Galaxy S III smartphone 2012/6/10 Andi - leo5354 <[email protected]>: > Lantas dimana letak benefit buat konsumen dn dispute soal paten dan segala > macam ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent#Effects There are four primary incentives embodied in the patent system: to invent in the first place; to disclose the invention once made; to invest the sums necessary to experiment, produce and market the invention; and to design around and improve upon earlier patents. 1. Patents provide incentives for economically efficient research and development (R&D). A study conducted annually by the IPTS shows that the 2,000 largest global companies invested more than 430 billion euros in 2008 in their R&D departments. If the investments can be considered as inputs of R&D, real products and patents are the outputs. Based on these groups, a project named Corporate Invention Board, had measured and analyzed the patent portfolios to produce an original picture of their technological profiles. Supporters of patents argue that without patent protection, R&D spending would be significantly less or eliminated altogether, limiting the possibility of technological advances or breakthroughs. Corporations would be much more conservative about the R&D investments they made, as third parties would be free to exploit any developments. This second justification is closely related to the basic ideas underlying traditional property rights. 2. In accordance with the original definition of the term "patent," patents facilitate and encourage disclosure of innovations into the public domain for the common good. If inventors did not have the legal protection of patents, in many cases, they would prefer or tend to keep their inventions secret. Awarding patents generally makes the details of new technology publicly available, for exploitation by anyone after the patent expires, or for further improvement by other inventors. Furthermore, when a patent's term has expired, the public record ensures that the patentee's idea is not lost to humanity. 3. In many industries (especially those with high fixed costs and either low marginal costs or low reverse engineering costs — computer processors, and pharmaceuticals for example), once an invention exists, the cost of commercialization (testing, tooling up a factory, developing a market, etc.) is far more than the initial conception cost. (For example, the internal "rule of thumb" at several computer companies in the 1980s was that post-R&D costs were 7-to-1). Unless there is some way to prevent copies from competing at the marginal cost of production, companies will not make that productization investment. One effect of modern patent usage is that a small-time inventor can use the exclusive right status to become a licensor. This allows the inventor to accumulate capital from licensing the invention and may allow innovation to occur because he or she may choose not to manage a manufacturing buildup for the invention. Thus the inventor's time and energy can be spent on pure innovation, allowing others to concentrate on manufacturability. Another effect of modern patent usage is to cause competitors to design around (or to "invent around" according to R S Praveen Raj) each other's patents. This may promote healthy competition among manufacturers, resulting in gradual improvements of the technology base. This may help augment national economies and confer better living standards to the citizens. The 1970 Indian Patent Act allowed the Indian pharmaceutical industry to develop local technological capabilities in this industry. This act transformed India from a bulk importer of pharmaceutical drugs to a leading exporter. The rapid evolution of Indian pharmaceutical industry since the mid-1970s highlights the fact that the design of the patent act was instrumental in building local capabilities even in a poor country like India. -- http://ryosaeba.wordpress.com ~ things left unsaid -- "Indonesian Android Community" Join: http://forum.android.or.id =============== Download Aplikasi Kompas versi Digital dan Keren https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kompas.android.kec -------------------------- Download Aplikasi AR "MONSTAR" dari Indosat https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ar.monstarunity --------------------- Lex-ON http://www.Lex-ON.com - Plaza Semanggi E-mail: [email protected] Tlp: 021-70952539 --------------------- GSM-AKU http://www.gsmaku.com - BEC Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Hp: 0881-1515151 --------------------- EceranShop http://eceranshop.com - BEC Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Hp: 0815-56599888 =============== Aturan Umum dan Jualan/Kloteran ID-Android http://goo.gl/arJ5x -- "Indonesian Android Community" Join: http://forum.android.or.id =============== Download Aplikasi Kompas versi Digital dan Keren https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kompas.android.kec -------------------------- Download Aplikasi AR "MONSTAR" dari Indosat https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ar.monstarunity --------------------- Lex-ON http://www.Lex-ON.com - Plaza Semanggi E-mail: [email protected] Tlp: 021-70952539 --------------------- GSM-AKU http://www.gsmaku.com - BEC Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Hp: 0881-1515151 --------------------- EceranShop http://eceranshop.com - BEC Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Hp: 0815-56599888 =============== Aturan Umum dan Jualan/Kloteran ID-Android http://goo.gl/arJ5x
