thanks vinu, want to know what packages to install in debian to activate audio vol control/mute switches on laptop best/harish
2009/3/23 vinu <[email protected]> > > Learn the UNIX/Linux command line > 10 Linux commands you’ve never used > > > It takes years maybe decades to master the commands available to you at > the Linux shell prompt. Here are 10 that > you will have never heard of or used. They are in no particular order. > My favorite is mkfifo. > > 1. pgrep, instead of: > > # ps -ef | egrep '^root ' | awk '{print $2}' > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 20 > 21 > 38 > 39 > ... > You can do this: > # pgrep -u root > 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 20 > 21 > 38 > 39 > ... > 2. pstree, list the processes in a tree format. This can be VERY > useful when working with WebSphere or other heavy duty applications. > > # pstree > init-+-acpid > |-atd > |-crond > |-cups-config-dae > |-cupsd > |-dbus-daemon-1 > |-dhclient > |-events/0-+-aio/0 > | |-kacpid > | |-kauditd > | |-kblockd/0 > | |-khelper > | |-kmirrord > | `-2*[pdflush] > |-gpm > |-hald > |-khubd > |-2*[kjournald] > |-klogd > |-kseriod > |-ksoftirqd/0 > |-kswapd0 > |-login---bash > |-5*[mingetty] > |-portmap > |-rpc.idmapd > |-rpc.statd > |-2*[sendmail] > |-smartd > |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree > |-syslogd > |-udevd > |-vsftpd > |-xfs > `-xinetd > 3. bc is an arbitrary precision calculator language. Which is great. > I found it useful in that it can perform square root operations in shell > scripts. expr does not support square roots. > > # ./sqrt > Usage: sqrt number > # ./sqrt 64 > 8 > # ./sqrt 132112 > 363 > # ./sqrt 1321121321 > 36347 > Here is the script: > # cat sqrt > #!/bin/bash > if [ $# -ne 1 ] > then > echo 'Usage: sqrt number' > exit 1 > else > echo -e "sqrt($1)\nquit\n" | bc -q -i > fi > 4. split, have a large file that you need to split into smaller > chucks? A mysqldump maybe? split is your command. Below I split a 250MB > file into 2 megabyte chunks all starting with the prefix LF_. > > # ls -lh largefile > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 251M Feb 19 10:27 largefile > # split -b 2m largefile LF_ > # ls -lh LF_* | head -n 5 > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_aa > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ab > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ac > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ad > -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M Feb 19 10:29 LF_ae > # ls -lh LF_* | wc -l > 126 > 5. nl numbers lines. I had a script doing this for me for years until > I found out about nl. > > # head wireless.h > /* > * This file define a set of standard wireless extensions > * > * Version : 20 17.2.06 > * > * Authors : Jean Tourrilhes - HPL > * Copyright (c) 1997-2006 Jean Tourrilhes, All Rights Reserved. > */#ifndef _LINUX_WIRELESS_H > # nl wireless.h | head > 1 /* > 2 * This file define a set of standard wireless extensions > 3 * > 4 * Version : 20 17.2.06 > 5 * > 6 * Authors : Jean Tourrilhes - HPL > 7 * Copyright (c) 1997-2006 Jean Tourrilhes, All Rights Reserved. > 8 */9 #ifndef _LINUX_WIRELESS_H > > 6. mkfifo is the coolest one. Sure you know how to create a pipeline > piping the output of grep to less or maybe even perl. But do you know > how to make two commands communicate through a named pipe?First let me > create the pipe and start writing to it: > > mkfifo pipe; tail file > pipe > > Then read from it: > > cat pipe > 7. ldd, want to know which Linux thread library java is linked to? > > # ldd /usr/java/jre1.5.0_11/bin/java > libpthread.so.0 => /lib/tls/libpthread.so.0 (0x00bd4000) > libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00b87000) > libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x00a5a000) > /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00a3c000) > 8. col, want to save man pages as plain text? > > # PAGER=cat > # man less | col -b > less.txt > 9. xmlwf, need to know if a XML document is well formed? (A > configuration file maybe..) > > # curl -s 'http://bashcurescancer.com' > bcc.html > # xmlwf bcc.html > # perl -i -pe 's@<br/>@<br>@g' bcc.html > # xmlwf bcc.html > bcc.html:104:2: mismatched tag > 10. lsof lists open files. You can do all kinds of cool things with > this. Like find which ports are open: > > # lsof | grep TCP > portmap 2587 rpc 4u IPv4 5544 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) > rpc.statd 2606 root 6u IPv4 5585 TCP *:668 (LISTEN) > sshd 2788 root 3u IPv6 5991 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) > sendmail 2843 root 4u IPv4 6160 TCP badhd:smtp (LISTEN) > vsftpd 9337 root 3u IPv4 34949 TCP *:ftp (LISTEN) > cupsd 16459 root 0u IPv4 41061 TCP badhd:ipp (LISTEN) > sshd 16892 root 3u IPv6 61003 TCP > badhd.mshome.net:ssh->kontiki.mshome.net:4661 (ESTABLISHED) > Note: OpenBSD 101 pointed out that “lsof -i TCP” a better way to > obtain this same information. Thanks!Or find the number of open files a > user has. Very important for running big applications like Oracle, DB2, > or WebSphere: > > > # lsof | grep ' root ' | awk '{print $NF}' | sort | uniq | wc -l > 179 > > > > --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ "Freedom is the only law". 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