On 11/09/2009 03:27 PM, Shrinivasan T wrote:
Thanks.

  . is CWD and .. is previous directory.

Fine.

Why are they mentioned in ls?

ls lists the contents of a directory (by default it assumes, the CWD). Since every directory (including /) maintains a /reference/ to itself and it's parent besides maintaining references of all the files within it's 'contents'.

Since all the contents (ie: all the references) of the directory are listed on a ls, . and .. too show up. "man ls" will tell you that the '-A' option to ls suppresses this.

why ... and .... are not there?

any specific reason?
because of the reason mentioned above. Every directory contains a reference to . and .. only. The reason why _only_ these two are present is because any other contents 'outside' the directory can be derived from these two. So, no additional 'special cases' are required.

did i make any sense at all ? :)

cheers,
- steve
--
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